210 BADEN stuffs, hemp, tobacco, fruits, oil, salt, and manu- factured articles. The principal imports are colonial produce, southern fruits, medicines, horses, wool, cotton, silk goods, iron, steel, and various articles of luxury. The currency is the Rhenish, 60 kreutzers to the florin or gulden. The weights and measures are ac- cording to the decimal system. There are two universities, one Protestant at Heidelberg, founded in 1386, and one Catholic at Freiburg, founded in 1457. At Pforzheim is an institu- tion for the deaf and dumb, and at Freiburg one for the blind. The Carlsruhe polytechnic school, established about 1832, is one of the best in Germany. The population of the up- per Rhine springs from the Alemanni; along the shores of the Murg and the lower Rhine j the Frankiah race preponderates ; the popula- . tion along the lake shores are of Suevian (Swa- bian) and Vindelician origin. The character | of the people is marked by honesty, industry, I and courage; but the population of the Black i Forest is most typical of the ancient German j character. The executive government, besides : the grand duke, is composed of six departments, the ministers being responsible to the legislature. The legislative authority is vested in a parlia- ment of two chambers, called the first and second. The first chamber, having 31 members in 1873, consists of the princes of the reigning line, the heads of ten noble families, the pro- | prietors of large hereditary landed estates, the Catholic archbishop of Freiburg, the superin- tendent of the Protestant church, two deputies of the universities, and eight other members ] appointed for life by the grand duke ; the sec- ond chamber of 63 representatives, chosen for eight years, 22 from towns and 41 from rural districts. In 1867-'8 the revenue was 22,824,371 florins, the expenditures 22,834,371, showing a deficit of 10,000 florins, a little more than $4,000. In 1868-'9 there was a deficit of nearly 5,000,000 florins, more than $2,000,000. The estimates for 1870-'71 showed a probable excess of 465,982 florins, something less than $200,000. The general public debt on Jan. 1, 1871, was 37,644,083 florins, and the railway debt 118,015,028. There were 590 m. of rail- way, 977 m. of telegraph, and 487 sailing and steam vessels engaged in the navigation of the Rhine and the Neckar. Military service is oblig- atory upon all, the period being three years in active service, four in the reserve, and five in the landwehr; the annual contingent is 4,700 men. The actual force in time of peace is 13,695 men of all arms, besides 568 artillery- men garrisoning the fortress of Rastadt, and in time of war may be raised to 43,705. The southern portions of Baden are supposed to have been originally peopled by Celts, who were dispossessed by Alemanni. The country subsequently formed a part of the Frankish em- pire. Berthold, a supposed descendant of the Alemannian dukes, was master of the castle of Zahringen, near Freiburg, and the first duke of Zahringen, in the latter half of the llth cen- tury. His descendants assumed the title of margraves of Baden, but in 1190 the family was split into two brandies, Baden and Hoch- berg, and other divisions took place afterward, as well as various acquisitions by marriage or purchase. Christopher I., who died in 1527, united most of the possessions of the house, but on his death the margraviate was di- vided between his two surviving sons, who thus formed the two lines of Baden-Baden and Baden-Durlach. The line of Baden-Ba- den became extinct by the death of Augus- tus George in 1771, and its possessions were united with Baden-Durlach, under the long and prosperous reign of the margrave Charles Frederick. By the treaty of Lunville in 1801, Baden acquired a considerable addition of terri- tory, and was further increased in 1803, when the margrave received the title of prince elec- tor, and by the treaty of Presburg in 1805. In 1806, on the dissolution of the German empire, the electorjoined the confederation of the Rhine, and, upon occasion of the marriage of the heir apparent with Stephanie Beauharnais, received from Napoleon the title of grand duke and 1,950 square miles of additional territory ; some smaller additions in 1809 and 1810 increased Baden to its present extent. After the battle of Leipsic in 1813 the grand duchy returned to the German confederation. It then formed a territory of about 5,800 sq. m., with a popula- tion of something more than 1,000,000. The public debt was large, and the taxes burden- some ; and moreover a strong desire had grown up among the people for a constitutional govern- ment. This led to earnest discussions in the chambers, and to some administrative reforms. The revolutionary movements of 1830 produced little effect upon Baden ; but after the procla- mation of the French republic in 1848 a revo- lution broke out in Baden, which was soon sup- pressed. (See HECKER.) In May, 1849, a new revolution expelled the grand duke, set up a provisional government, and was only overcome in July by aid of the armed force of Prussia. (See RASTADT.) In 1852 the grand duke died, and there arose a question as to the succession, which was further complicated by a dispute between the civil power and the Catholic arch- bishop of Freiburg. The question of succession was finally disposed of, the grand duke Frede- rick William Louis assuming the authority. He married in 1856 the daughter of the king of Prussia, now emperor of Germany. On the division between North and South Germany in 1866, Baden was forced by its geographical position to side with South Germany, although its sympathies were with Prussia. At the close of 1870 it was incorporated with the Ger- man empire. The troops of Baden form the largest part of the 14th German army corps. I! UIKV I. A town (anc. Aquas Pannonice) of Lower Austria, on the river Sehwechat, 14 m. S. S. W. of Vienna; pop. in 1869, 10,433. It is a favorite summer resort as a bathing place, having 13 hot sulphur springs. The
