244 BALLINA BALLIOL der or the reformer of the ballet ; finally, he returned to France, and became chief ballet master of the royal academy of music. "A ballet perfect in all its parts," according to Noverre, "is a picture drawn from life of the manners, dresses, ceremonies, and customs of all nations ; it must be therefore a complete pantomime, and through the eyes speak to the very soul of the spectator, and, being a regular representation, ought as far as possible to be under the general rules of the drama. If it does not point out, with perspicuity and with- out the aid of a programme, the passions and incidents it is intended to describe, it is a di- vertisement, a succession of dances, and noth- ing better." Appropriate music is also a con- stituent part of a good ballet. The Vestris family shone on all the European stages during the latter part of the 18th century, and early in the 19th. Besides the ballet d 1 action or bal- let pantomime, which is the only genuine bal- let, there are divertissements, consisting of little else than steps, leaps, pirouettes, and entrechats. These are sometimes introduced in operas, as in Robert le Diable. BALLINA, a seaport town of Ireland, county Mayo, separated from county Sligo by the river Moy, 7 m. from its mouth in Killala bay, and 57 m. N. of Galway ; pop. about 5,500, including the suburb of Ardnaree, on the right or Sligo side of the Moy, and 1,300 inmates of the union workhouse. Ballina is well built, in a fine sit- uation. It contains a parish church and sev- eral Protestant chapels, and has considerable agricultural industry and important salmon fisheries. Its trade lias of late years largely increased. The town was captured by the French in 1798. li.U.l.l YSLOK. a town of Ireland, in Con- naught, 34 m. E. N. E. of Galway; pop. in 1871, 3,200. The river Suck divides the town into two parts, the larger of which is in county Galway and the other in Roscommon; they are connected by bridges and causeways, over which passes the road from Athlone to Galway. It is a handsome town, and has enormous horse fairs and an active trade in grain. BALLING, Karl Joseph Napoleon, a Bohemian chemist, born April 21, 1805, died in Prague, March 17, 1868. He studied in Prague and became professor of chemistry in that city. He introduced the use of the saccharometer in breweries, distilleries, and the manufacture of beet-root sugar. His principal work is Die Gahrungschemie wissenschaftlieli begriindet und in ihrer Anwendung auf Weinbereitung, Bier- brauerei, Sranntweinbrennerei und Hefener- zeugung praktisch dargestellt (4 vols., Prague, 1845-'7 ; 3d and enlarged ed., 1864). BALLIOL, or Baliol. I. John, king of Scot- land, born about 1259, died in Normandy in 1314. He was a descendant of the eldest daughter of the earl of Huntingdon, brother of King William the Lion, nnd, after the death of the princess Margaret of Norway, granddaugh- ter and heiress of Alexander III., the nearest heir to the throne. He was opposed by Robert Bruce and John Hastings, descendants of young- er daughters of the earl of Huntingdon, and by several others. (See BEUOE.) The claims of the rivals being submitted by agreement to Edward I. of England, he decided in favor of Balliol, but on condition that he should do hom- age to him for the crown of Scotland. He was accordingly crowned at Scone in Novem- ber, 1292, and in December, with the principal nobles of his party, swore allegiance to Edward at Newcastle-on-Tyne. Shortly afterward, be- ing called upon to aid Edward against France, he renounced his allegiance, made an alliance with France, and declared war. Utterly de- feated after a short and violent struggle, he was obliged to cede the crown of Scotland to the English king in 1296, who held him and his son prisoners in London till 1299. On his release, finding himself ostracized by public opinion in Scotland, he retired to his chateau of Bailleul in Normandy. His father and moth- er were the founders of Balliol college, Oxford. II. Edward, king of Scotland, son of the preced- ing, died at Doncaster in 1363. The king of England invited him over from Normandy in 1324 and 1327, merely to threaten Robert Bruce. In 1332 he was called upon by the dispossessed Anglo-Norman barons to lead them into Scotland to recover their estates there. He entered the frith of Forth, landed at Kinghorn, defeated the earl of Fife, and with 3,000 men marched across the country to meet the earl of Mar encamped on the opposite side of the river Earn with a force of 30,000. A second Scottish army lay within a few miles of Balliol's flank. During the night the invad- ing force crossed the Earn, and with slight loss achieved an astonishing victory at Dupplin Moor, above 12,000 Scots, including the earls of Mar and Moray, and hundreds of knights and barons, falling in the battle. At Perth Balliol defeated the second army, commanded by the earl of March. The disaffected flocked to Balliol's standard, and he was crowned king of Scotland at Scone, Sept. 24, only seven weeks after his landing at Kinghorn. Balliol, having privately rendered homage to Edward III., lay carelessly at Annan, where he was in turn surprised by the earl of Moray, brother of the one slain at Dupplin, and barely escaped to England, after a reign of three months. Edward III. now took up the cause of Balliol, whom the battle of Halidon Hill, July 19, 1333, again placed on the Scottish throne. The Scots were so weakened by this defeat, that he might have retained his power had he not been too obsequious to the English monarch. By a treaty he gave up Berwick-upon-Tweed, and surrendered Berwickshire, Roxburghshire, Peeblesshire, Dumfriesshire, and the Lothians. The Scottish nation now became disgusted, and turned to the young king David Bruce; and after 1338 Balliol maintained only a nomi- nal footing in Scotland, being most of the time a refugee in England. In 1355 Edward III. pur-
