298 BAEBAEOSSA BARBEL Italy, defeated Doria in the gnlf of Ambra- cia, captured Castel Nuovo (1539), defeated a Christian squadron off Candia, threatened Do- ria at Genoa, joined Francis I. against Charles V., aided the French in taking Nice (1543), and made a triumphant entry into Constanti- nople with many thousand prisoners. BARBAROSSA, Frederick. See FKEDEBICK I., emperor of Germany. BARBAROIIX, Charles Jean Marie, a French revolutionist, born in Marseilles, March 6, 1767, guillotined at Bordeaux, June 25, 1794. He was a prominent young lawyer when in 1791 he was sent by his native city as revo- lutionary agent to the legislative assembly and was admitted to the Jacobin club. When it was feared that the court would succeed in arresting the revolutionary movement in the north of France, Barbaroux was vehement in supporting the plan of a separate republic in the south. He took, with his 500 countrymen, who were especially called let Marseillais, an important part in the insurrection of August 10, 1792, which led to the downfall of the monarchy. Elected a deputy to the conven- tion, he joined the deputies of the Gironde, became by his zeal, eloquence, and rare per- sonal beauty a conspicuous member of their party, opposed the merciless policy of Marat and Robespierre, and demanded an act of ac- cusation against the promoters of the massacre of September. He manifested remarkable abil- ity in the discussion of questions of finance, commerce, and the internal administration of the country; he strongly opposed several of the rash and unjust financial measures of the day, and suggested several plans for a more pru- dent management. At the trial of Louis XVI. he voted for the king's death, but favored an appeal to the nation. After the popular rising of May 31, 1793, which sealed the tragic fate of the Girondists, Barbaroux left Paris with some of his colleagues, and tried to raise an insurrection in the provinces against the con- vention; but this movement was soon sup- pressed, and Barbaroux, hunted from place to place; sought a refuge in the vicinity of Bor- deaux. Being discovered, he shot himself twice ; but though in a dying condition, he retained life enough to be sent to the scaffold by the revolutionary committee of Bordeaux. BARBARY STATES, a general term designat- ing that portion of northern Africa stretching from the W. frontier of Egypt to the Atlantic, and from the Mediterranean to the desert of Sahara, between lat. 25 and 37 N., Ion. 10 "W. and 25 E., and including Tripoli, Tunis, Algeria, and Morocco. The name is derived from the Berbers, the ancient inhabitants of the region, who still constitute a considerable portion of the population. BARBASTRO, a town of Aragon, Spain, on the Cinca, in the province and 26 m. S. E. of Huesca ; pop. about 6,500. It is an old town, and has a fine cathedral with good mediaaval paintings, and an important school. BARB Aft I), Anna Lfftitia, an English writer, born at Kibworth-IIarcourt, Leicestershire, June 20, 1743, died at Stoke-Newington, near London, March 9, 1825. She displayed un- usual talent as a child, and her early educa- tion was directed with care by her father, the Rev. John Aikin, a Unitarian minister. At the age of 15 she removed with him to War- rington in Lancashire, where he took charge of the academy, out of which grew the central Unitarian college, afterward transferred to York, and finally established in Manchester. In 1773, at the age of 30, she published a vol- ume of her poems, which the same year ran through four editions. This was followed by " Miscellaneous Pieces in Prose," partly writ- ten by her brother John Aikin. In 1774 she married the Rev. Rochemont Barbauld, with whom she kept a school for the next 11 years in the village of Palgrave, Suffolk. During this period she published " Devotional Pieces, com- piled from the Psalms of David," " Early Les- sons for Children," and " Hymns in Prose for Children." After a short visit to the conti- nent in 1785-'6, Mrs. Barbanld went to live at Hampstead, near London, where her husband became pastor of a small congregation, and she took charge of a few pupils. Here she wrote several pamphlets and poems on popular sub- jects, such as the removal of the civil disabili- ties of the dissenters and the abolition of the slave trade, and various contributions to her brother's "Evenings at Home." In 1802 she removed with her husband to Stoke-Newing- ton, and there passed the rest of her life. Here she prepared " Selections from the Spectator, Guardian, Tatler, and Freeholder," with a pre- liminary essay. She wrote the life of Richard- son, the novelist, to accompany his correspon- dence, edited Akenside's " Pleasures of the Imagination " and Collins's " Odes," and a col- lection of the " British Novelists," with me- moirs and criticisms, and published "The Fe- male Spectator," a miscellany of prose and verse. Her last separate publication, "Eigh- teen Hundred and Eleven" (1812), is her long- est and most highly finished poem. Her works, in two volumes, were edited, with a memoir, by her niece, Miss Lucy Aikin. Her writings are distinguished for their pure moral tone, simplicity, and earnestness, and her books for children are among the best of their class. Barbel. BARBEL (ftarfow, Cuv.), a large, coarse fresh- water fish, of the family cyprinida, found in
