EARTH and linen. It was formerly an important em- porium of the trade with Galicia, but its com- mercial activity lias declined. It contains a Gothic church with fine works of art, and a town hall with many valuable historical records. The town was founded early in the 14th cen- tury, and the first general synod of Hunga- rian Protestants was held here. About 2 m. N. of the town are mineral springs salutary in nervous and other diseases. The water is ex- cessively strong and cold even in summer, but never freezes, and it is extensively exported. It is drunk cold and used in hot baths. BARTII, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Pomerania, at the mouth of the river Barth, which forms its port, 14m. W. of Stralsund; pop. in 1871, 5,774. In the 15th century it was a commercial town of consider- able importance and the residence of seve- ral dukes of Pomerania. It still has a large coasting trade. From 1630 to 1815 it belonged to Sweden. laitTII, Christian Gottlob, a German divine and philanthropist, born in Stuttgart, July 31, 1799, died in Tubingen, Nov. 12, 1862. He was educated at Stuttgart and Tubingen, and in 1824 was appointed pastor at Mottlingen in Wurtemberg. In conjunction with the mis- sionary institute of Basel he instituted a mis- sionary society in Wurtemberg, and published a periodical, the Calwer Missionsllatt, devoted to the enterprise. He travelled in Switzerland, France, and England, in the interests of the missionary cause, and founded at Calw an in- stitute for training poor children. His books have had an almost unexampled circulation. Of the "Bible History" and "Bible Stories" a million copies have been published in more than ten languages. He was a fluent versifier, writing hymns and short poems for children, many of which have been introduced into pop- ular German collections. His principal works are: Biblische Geschichte fiir Schulen und Fa- milien, often republished; Kirchengeichich- te fur Schulen und Familien (Calw, 1835) ; Chrwtliche Gedichte (Stuttgart, 1836); and EinderbUtter (Calw, 1836). BARTII, Ilelnrich, a German explorer and traveller, bora in Hamburg, Feb. 16, 1821, died in Berlin, Nov. 25, 1865. He was educated at Hamburg and Berlin, travelled through Italy and Sicily, and in 1845 began explorations in Africa. Starting from Tangier in Morocco, he proceeded along the coast of Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli, making excursions into the inte- rior, reached Benghazi, and thence went across the desert to Egypt. During this journey he was attacked by wandering Arabs, severely wounded, and robbed of his papers. He trav- ersed Egypt, the peninsula of Sinai, Palestine, Asia Minor, the islands of the ^Egean sea, and Greece. In this journey he expended $14,000 from his own fortune. Part of the results of his enterprise appeared in 1849 in his Wan- derunyen durch die KiistenUnder des Mittel- meerei, of which only the first volume was ever written; for while engaged in preparing the second he received a proposition from the British government to undertake an expedition into central Africa, as scientific associate of James Richardson. In the winter of 1849-'50 Richardson, Overweg, and Barth met at Trip- oli, having procured a boat for the navigation of Lake Tchad. Barth made a preliminary trip through Tripoli, and on April 2, 1850, the three explorers set out for the interior of Africa, joining the great semi-annual caravan for Bor- noo. On May 6 they reached Moorzook, the capital of Fezzan, which they left June 13, pro- ceeding in a S. W. direction through the terri- tory of Air or Ashen, which had never before been visited by Europeans. Barth left his com- panions to visit a remarkable mountain which appeared to be only a few hours distant, but proved to be much further. He lost his way, and for 28 hours remained without water, pre- serving his life by sucking the blood from his own arm. He was at length found, and the natives looked upon him as a demigod, for they had never known any one to live more than 12 hours without water in the hot desert. Before reaching Agadez the travellers were attacked by fanatical Moslems, and narrowly escaped death. At Tintellust they were detained from September to December, 1850, by a native chief. Effecting their release hy an appeal to the sultan of Ennoor, they went on to Agadez, where they separated, intending to reunite at Kuka in April. Richardson died March 4, when six days' journey from the rendezvous, but Barth was able to secure his papers, which he forwarded to England. At Kuka Barth was kindly received by the sultan of Borneo, whose vizier lent him $100, his funds being exhausted, and no remittances having arrived. Overweg had in the mean time made an inde- pendent excursion toward Sackatoo, and re- joined Barth at Kuka May 7. During these journeys both travellers found articles of Ame- rican manufacture among the wildest tribes, which they supposed had heen received in ex- change for slaves. The travellers again sepa- rated, Barth setting out for Adamawa, with an escort from the sultan of Borneo, May 29. For four weeks he travelled southward through forests abounding with lions and elephants. On June 19 he came upon the great river Bcnoowe, at its junction with its affluent the Faro, and at once correctly conjectured that it must be the same with the Tchadda, or eastern branch of the Niger, described by the Landers and others. Arriving at Yola, the capital of Ada- mawa, some defect in etiquette was found in the letters with which he had been furnished by the sultan of Bornoo, and he was ordered to leave the country within three days. He turned | back, and reached Knka July 22. Overweg had reached Lake Tchad with the boat which had been brought overland from Tripoli, and had spent five weeks in exploring it, being the first European who had ever sailed upon its waters. The travellers remained at Kuka till November,
