396 BAUER enlist in the French army in 1848, and after an adventurous life became a convert to the Roman Catholic church and joined the Car- melite order. His eloquence acquired for him a great reputation in Germany and France ; and he hecame honorary canon, apostolical prothonotary, and chaplain at the Tuileries. He was a special favorite of the empress Eugenie, whom he accompanied to Egypt at the opening of the Suez canal. During the siege of Paris he figured as chaplain of the ambulances of the press, having under his orders 800 freres Chretiens, dressed as priests, though not in holy orders. He often showed himself on horse- back, dressed in a soutane and long boots, with the grand cross of the legion of honor on his breast, and an episcopal ring on his finger. He has published Le Judaisme comme preuve du Christianistne, a series of lectures which he had delivered in 1866 in Vienna and Paris; Napoleon III. et VEurope en 1867, a political pamphlet (Paris, 1867) ; and Le but de la vie, a collection of his sermons preached at the Tuileries (1869). BAUER. I. Hrimo, a German critic and theo- logian, born at Eisenberg, Sept. 6, 1809. Ed- ucated in Berlin, he became in 1834 a teacher at the university there. He was then a Hege- lian philosopher of the old school. In 1835 he severely criticised Strauss's "Life of Jesus," proposing to reconcile the free action of reason with the Christian revelation, which, in com- mon with Hegel, he regarded as a gradual self- revelation of human reason. This position he abandoned in 1839. In that year he was trans- ferred to Bonn, but in 1842, on account of the rationalistic boldness displayed in his writings and lectures, was deprived of permission to give public instruction. He then returned to Berlin and devoted himself entirely to historical and critical publications. In these writings he asserts that the gospels, as well as the Acts of the Apostles and the principal epistles of Paul, are fictions, written during the 2d century with a view to account for the rapid spread of Chris- tianity at a time when the original history of its establishment had already fallen into ob- scurity ; that religion should be abolished, and that science and ethics .of human reason should be substituted ; and that all attempts at apolo- gizing for the scientific deficiencies of Christian- ity and revealed religion in general are futile. His principal works are : Kritik der evangeli- sehen Geschichte des Johannes (Bremen, 1840) ; Kritik der evangelischen Geschichte der Synop- tiker (2d ed., 3 vols., Leipsio, 1841-'2) ; Kritik der Evangelien (2 vols., Berlin, 1850-'51); Die Apoetelgeschichte (1850); and Kritik der Pauli- nischen Brief e (1850). Of his minor works are to be mentioned Die Judenfrage (Brunswick, 1843), in which he protested against the eman- cipation of the Jews, who according tp his views were first to emancipate themselves by abandoning their clannishness, religion, and trading in money. His Allgemeine Literatwr- zeitung (Charlottenburg, 1843-'4), his works on BAUGE the history of the French revolution, on Ger- man history since the French revolution, and on the causes of the futility of the revolution of 1848-'9, though still democratic in spirit, were partly directed against the Utopian tendencies of the revolutionary party. In his later writ- ings (on the "Dictatorship of the Western Powers, 1855, on the "Position of Russia," 1855, Ac.) he evinced a more and more de- cided leaning toward political conservatism, of which he has ultimately become a champion. II. Edgar, brother of the preceding, bom at Charlottenburg in 1821. His pamphlet in de- fence of his brother Bruno (1842) was confis- cated, and his Censurinstruction, written du- ring the preparation of the trial, was also seized, but published in Bern in 1844. On account of his work Der Streit der Kritik rn.it Kirche und Stoat, he was condemned in 1843 to im- prisonment in the fortress of Magdeburg for four years. He was a co-worker with his brother in some of his publications, and pre- pared while in prison Die Geschichte der con- stitutionellen Bewegung im sudlichen Deutsch- land wahrend der JaJire 1831-'34 (3 vols., Charlottenburg, 1845-'6), and Geschichte des Lutherthums, in the Bibliothek der deuUchen .Aufklarer (5 vols., Leipsic, 1845-'7). After his release in 1848 he published a political re- view called Die Parteien (Hamburg, 1849), and Ueber die Ehe im Sinne des Lutherthums (Leip- sic, 1849); and in 1857 appeared in Leipsic his Englische Freiheit. BAUER, Georg Lorenz, a German theologian, born at Hilpoltstein, Aug. 14, 1755, died in Heidelberg, Jan. 12, 1806. He studied theology in Altdorf, and was minister and professor of theology in Nuremberg, Altdorf, and Heidel- berg. He introduced into theology the prin- ciple that the Bible, like the works of the old classics, must be interpreted by grammatical and historical considerations, and not with reference to theological doctrines. He was among the first to elucidate the dogmatic opinions of the different Biblical writers, and to show the differences between them. He also shows the differences between the opinions of the Biblical writers on the one hand and the creed of the Lutheran church on the other, and was the first to write a systematic exposition of the Christian dogmas as they are contained in the Bible, and in each Biblical book in par- ticular. Among his writings are : Hermeneu- tica sacra V. T. (Leipsic, 1797) ; BiUische The- ologie des Neuen Testaments (Leipsic, 1800-'2); Hebraische Mythologie des Allen und Neuen Testaments (Leipsic, 1802-'3). Bauer was a distinguished orientalist, and translated the Arabian history of Abulfaraj. BAUGE, a French town, department of Maine' et-Loire, 23 m. E. N. E. of Angers ; pop. in 1866, 3,562. This town is celebrated in history for a battle fought between the English and the French in 1421, in which the former were totally defeated and their leader, the duke of Clarence, was killed. Near this town, at Baug6-le-Viel,
