BEREG BERENGER 551 are held in the city, the greatest of which are those in June and August. Large herds of horses and horned cattle are brought thither hy Russians, Tartars, and Kirghizes, besides furs, silks, fancy stuffs, glass, wood, and iron ware, salt, fish, corn, and beet sugar, by mer- chants from different parts of the country and from Poland. Berditchev has wide streets with large squares, well built houses, an exchange, many warehouses, 10 tobacco factories, and factories for silk, perfumes, tallow candles, oil, wax, and leather. Many pilgrims are attracted by a miraculous image of the Virgin in the Carmelite convent. In 1765 King Stanislas Augustus of Poland, to which country the town then belonged, established 10 markets in Berditchev, since which time the city has been growing in commercial importance. BEREG, a county of N. E. Hungary, bounded N. E. by the Carpathians and S. W. by the Theiss; area, 1,439 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 139,223, over half of whom are Ruthenians, 5,000 Jews, 2,800 Germans, 600 Slovaks, and the rest Magyars. The N. part is mountainous and rather barren, but the county is fertile in fruits, especially in the south, which produces wine little inferior to Tokay. The forests abound with game and cattle, and the numer- ous streams, all tributaries of the Theiss, with fish and water fowl. Gold is no longer found, but there is abundance of iron ore, porcelain clay, and alum, the last of which is extensively refined. The principal towns are Munkacs, and Boregszasz, the capital (pop. in 1870, 6,272). BEREXGARIIS (BBEENQKR), an ecclesiastic who played a conspicuous part in the llth cen- tury as an opponent of the doctrine of transub- stantiation, supposed to have been born at Tours in 998, and to have died there in 1088. He resided at Tours during the greater part of his life, and held a canonry in the church of St. Martin, though he was at the same time archdeacon of Angers. His opponents, Guit- mund and Berthold, describe him as a man of shallow intellect and little erudition, whose chief dialectic weapons were the use of terms in a novel signification, and the employment of opprobrious epithets. It is difficult to dis- cover precisely what was his doctrine of the eucharist, although it is certain that he denied transubstantiation. He commenced his attack on this dogma in 1045, and was supported at first by several bishops, the chief of whom were Bishop Bruno of Angers and Bishop Proliant of Senlis, as well as by a still larger number of the inferior clergy and students. Philip I., king of Prance, countenanced him for a time, from political reasons. The bishops aban- doned him, however, at a later period, and all political countenance was withdrawn from him. The opinion of Berengarius, together with that of John Scotus Erigena, whom he professed to follow, was first condemned by a council at Rome. A public dispute which he held with two monks of Bee, before William of Norman- dy, ended also unfavorably for him. Soon after (1050) two synods were held, the first at Vercelli, the second at Paris, to both of which he was invited, and where, on his failing to appear, his doctrine was condemned. In 1054 a synod was held at Tours, by the papal legate Hildebrand (afterward Gregory VII.), where Berengarius retracted his doctrine, and signed the formula of faith presented to him, without any attempt to defend himself. As he contin- ued, however, to preach and propagate his doctrine, it was condemned again by Victor II. in 1055; by Nicholas II. and a synod of 113 bishops at Rome in 1059, where Berengarius made a new retraction ; by the French synods of Angers, Rouen, St. Maixent, and Poitiers, between 1062 and 1076 ; by two synods at Rome in 1078 and 1079; and finally by the synod of Bordeaux in 1080. At these last three synods Berengarius renewed his recanta- tion in the most precise language, but after each one, except the last, -continued to teach his doctrine as before. After the last recanta- tion he certainly abstained from attacking the doctrine of the Roman church, and he is said to have died in her communion. The remains of his works are to be found in the collections of D'Ache'ry and Martene, and in a more re- cent publication by Vischer (Berlin, 1834). BEREiVGER I., king of Italy from 888 to 924. His father was Eberhard, duke of Friuli ; his mother a daughter of Louis le D6bonnaire of France. Upon the deposition of Charles the Fat, Berenger was recognized as king of Italy by one assembly of the states, and Guido, duke of Spoleto, by another. Civil war ensued, but Guido, who had assumed the title of king and emperor, died in 894, and his son Lambert, who also assumed these titles, died in 898. Another competitor for the throne arose in Arnulph, king of Germany ; but he died in 899. The nobles then called in Louis, son of Boson, king of Provence, who marched into Italy ; but Berenger surrounded him and forced him to take an oath never to reenter Italy. He violated his oath, returned, and was crowned. Berenger surprised him near Verona, took him prisoner, caused him to be blinded, and sent him back to Provence. Berenger was now crowned by Pope John X. as king and em- peror, and gained considerable successes over the Saracens and Hungarians, who had in- vaded his dominions. The nobles, jealous of his growing power, set up another competi- tor, Rudolph, king of Burgundy, who invaded Italy in 921. A decisive battle took place at Firenzuola, July 29, 923. At the moment when the army of Rudolph was on the point of rout, his brother-in-law brought up large reinforcements ; and Berenger, in turn de- feated, was forced to take refuge in Verona, where he was assassinated, in March, 924, by a man named Lambert, to whose son he was godfather. Berenger II., king of Italy from 950 to 961, son of Gisela, daughter of Berenger I., and of Adalbert, marquis of Ivrea. His
