BEULE BEUST 599 sncceeded in preserving herrings, an art which has proved of such great importance to his country that Charles V. had a statue erected to his memory. The etymology of the word pickle has been traced to his name. BEULE, Charles Ernest, a French archaeolo- gist, born in Saumnr, June 29, 1826. He was professor of rhetoric at Moulins, and in 1849 became connected with the French school at Athens. His excavations and discoveries there are described in VAcropole d'Athines (2 vols., Paris, 1854; 2d ed., 1863). This work and his JStude sur le Peloponnese (1855) were pub- lished by order of the minister of public in- struction, and acquired for him a membership of the academy of fine arts and the archseolo- gical chair in the imperial library. In 1860 he became a member of the academy of inscrip- tions and belles-lettres, and since 1862 he has been perpetual secretary of the academy of fine arts, in which capacity he upheld the an- cient prerogative of that body against the de- cree of Nov. 13, 1863, which remodelled the school of fine arts upon a more modern basis, j vesting part of the authority in a special committee. Ingres, Flandrin, and other emi- ! nent artists sided with the academy. Besides | the works already mentioned, and numerous contributions to scientific, artistic, and literary periodicals, he has published Fouille de Car- thage (1860), giving an account of his excava- tions in that locality ; Histoire de la sculpture avant Phidias (1864) ; Causeries sur Part, and Auguste, safamille etses amis (1867); Hwtoire de Vart grec avant Pericles, and Tibere et ^heritage d' Auguste (1868) ; and the play Phi- dias, drame antique. BEURNONVILLE, Pierre de Kncl. marquis de, a French soldier, born at Ohampignolle, May 10, 1752, died April 23, 1821. After serving for some tune in India, he became in 1792 aide- de-camp to Marshal Luckner, and was soon after named general-in-chief of the army of the Moselle, and in 1793 minister of war. Sent by the convention to arrest Dnmouriez, he was himself arrested by that general, delivered over to the prince of Coburg, and kept in Austrian fortresses till 1795. He afterward became suc- cessively general-in-chief of the army of the north, inspector general of infantry, ambassa- dor to Berlin in 1800 and to Madrid in 1802, senator in 1805, and count in 1809. Having voted for the deposition of Napoleon in 1814, he was made by Louis XVIII. minister of state and peer of France, marshal in 1816, and mar- quis in 1817. Dying childless, he bequeathed his dignities to his nephew, ETIENNE MAETIN, who served in the campaigns of 1809-'13, and in 1823 was aide-de-camp of the duke of An- gouleme in the Spanish war, and retired from service in 1832. BEUST, Friedrleh Ferdinand von, count, a Ger- man statesman, born in Dresden, Jan 13, 1809. He studied political science at Gottingen under Heeren, Sartorius, and Eichhorn, and in 1831 and the following years was employed in the Saxon ministry of foreign affairs. Between 1836 and 1849 he was secretary of legation in Berlin and Paris, charge d'affaires in Munich, minister resident in London, and ambassador in Berlin. He became Saxon minister of for- eign affairs Feb. 24, 1849. He opposed the proclamation in Saxony of the German consti- tution of March 28, promulgated by the Frank- fort parliament, and on the outbreak of an in- surrection in Dresden invoked the assistance of Prussia, and accompanied the king in his flight from the capital. On May 14, after the quelling of the outbreak, he was also made min- ister of ecclesiastical affairs. He agreed with Prussia to join the so-called Dreikonigsbund, or union of the three kings of North Germany, but withdrew from this engagement, subsequently favored an alliance with Austria, and adopted a policy more and more reactionary. In 1853 he exchanged the portfolio of ecclesiastical af- fairs for that of the interior department, re- taining at the same time the ministry of foreign affairs ; and soon afterward he became the offi- cial chief of the cabinet, after having for a long time virtually ruled its councils. During the Crimean war he declined to join Austria, Prus- sia, and the German diet in a demonstration against Russia, and prevailed upon the minor German states to associate themselves with Saxony at the conference of Bamberg with a view to forming an independent union. At that period and for some time afterward he cherished the idea of reorganizing Germany on the basis of three groups (die Trias), formed by Austria, Prussia, and all the other German states under the lead of the German diet. He was confirmed in this project in 1865 when the diet came forward for the first time as a distinct sovereign power by appointing him its ambas- sador at the Schleswig-Holstein conference in London, where he opposed all tampering with the duchies against the wishes of the inhabi- tants. Henceforward identified with Austria, whose counsels swayed the German diet, he was regarded as one of the principal instigators of the war with Prussia. He was obliged to withdraw from the Saxon ministry after the battle of Sadowa, and on the recommendation of the king and crown prince of Saxony was appointed by Francis Joseph successor of Count Mensdorff as Austrian minister of for- eign affairs, Oct. 30, 1866. Shortly afterward he spent some time in Pesth, where he concert- ed with the Hungarian statesmen the plan of a dualistic Austro-Hungarian empire ; and in June, 1867, on the coronation of Francis Joseph as king of Hungary, he was rewarded with the office of chancellor of the empire, in 1868 with the title of count, and in 1870 with the chancellorship of the order of Maria Theresa, which had been vacant since the death of Metternich. He was thus, though a Protes- tant, placed at the helm of affairs in the empire of the Hapsburgs. The concordat with Rome was abrogated and other important liberal re- forms were carried through under Beust's
