BIGELOW BIG HORN EIVER 631 He is the founder of the flourishing manufac- turing village of Clinton, Worcester county, Mass., in which, besides other large manufac- turing establishments, are the extensive works of the Bigelow carpet company. BIGELOW, Jaeob, M. D., LL. D., an American physician and writer, born in Sudbury, Mass., in 1787. He graduated at Harvard university in 1806, and commenced practice in Boston in 1810. He early became known as a skilful bot- anist, had an extensive correspondence with European botanists, and different plants were named for him by Sir J. E. Smith, in the sup- plement to "Rees's Cyclopedia," by Schrader in Germany, and De Candolle in France. He published Florida Bostoniensig (8vo, 1814; en- larged eds., 1824 and 1840), and "American Medical Botany " (3 vols. 8vo, 1817-'21). For more than 40 years he was an active practi- tioner of medicine in Boston ; during half of this time he was a physician of the Massachu- setts general hospital, and held the offices of professor of materia medica and of clinical medicine in Harvard university. He also for 10 years (1816-'27) delivered lectures on the application of science to the useful arts, at Cambridge, as Rumford professor ; these were afterward published under the title of " Ele- ments of Technology " (new ed., " The Useful Arts considered in connection with the Appli- cations of Science," 2 vols. 12mo, 1840). H was one of the committee of five selected in 1820 to form the "American Pharmacopoeia;" and the nomenclature of the materia medica afterward adopted by the British colleges, which substituted a single for a double word when practicable, is due in principle to him. He has published numerous medical essays and dis- courses, some of which are embodied in a vol- ume entitled " Nature in Disease " 1854) ; one of these essays, "A Discourse on Self-Limited Diseases," delivered before the Massachusetts medical society in 1835, had unquestionably a great influence in modifying the practice of physicians at that time and since. He was the founder of Mt. Auburn cemetery, near Boston, the first establishment of the kind in the United States, and the model of those which have followed ; the much admired stone tower, chapel, gate, and fence were all made after his designs. He has the reputation of an accom- plished classical scholar, and has been an oc- casional contributor to the literary periodicals and reviews; he is an excellent humorous writer both in prose and verse, and a volume of poems, entitled "Eolopoesis," has been at- tributed to him. He was for many years the president of the Massachusetts medical society, and of the American academy of arts and sciences. In commemoration of his services, the trustees of the hospital in 1856 ordered his marble bust to be placed in the hall of that institution. Since his retirement from active practice he has given much thought to matters of education, and has been specially interested in technological schools, or such as are to give a technical or utilitarian education as contrast- ed with a classical or literary one. He has been a pioneer in the so-called "new educa- tion," which aims to employ the time and labor of the student in the pursuit of special techni- cal branches of knowledge, without wasting his energy on classical or other subjects irrelevant to his special vocation. See an address deliv- ered by him in 1865, before the Massachusetts institute of technology, "On the Limits of Education." BIGELOW, John, an American journalist and author, born at Maiden, Ulster county, N. Y., Nov. 25, 1817. He graduated at Union college in 1835, was admitted to the bar in New York city in 1839, became connected with journalism, and editor of Gregg's " Commerce of the Prai- ries" and other books of travel. In 1845 he was appointed one of the inspectors of the Sing Sing state prison, serving till 1848. In Novem- ber, 1850, he became a partner with Mr. Bry- ant in the ownership of the " New York Even- ing Post," and was the managing editor of that journal till 1861, when, after the accession of President Lincoln, he went as United States consul to Paris. This office he retained till after the death of Mr. Dayton, whom he suc- ceeded in 1865, as minister at the court of Napoleon III., where he remained till 1866. In 1869, after the death of Mr. Raymond, he was for a short time editor of the "New York Times," after which he went to reside in Berlin. His works include "Jamaica in 1850," " Life of Fremont " (1856), and Les tats- Unis d'Amerique en 1863 (Paris). In 1868 he edited the autobiography of Franklin from materials collected in France; and in 1869 he published " Some Recollections of the late Antoine Pierre Berryer." BIGELOW, Timothy, an American lawyer, born in Worcester, Mass., April 30, 1767, died May 18, 1821. He was the son of Col. Timothy Bigelow, who served in Arnold's expedition to Quebec. He graduated at Harvard college in 1786, and practised law at Groton, Mass., from 1789 to 1807, when he removed to Boston. He took an active part in politics as a firm federal- ist, was for 20 years a member of the state legislature, and 11 years speaker of the house of representatives, and a member of the Hart- ford convention. He stood at the head of his profession, and in the course of 32 years was supposed to have argued 10,000 causes. BIG HORN. See SHEEP. BIG HORN, the S. E. county of Montana ter- ritory, bounded E. by Dakota and S. by Wyo- ming territory; area, about 30,000 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 88. It is intersected by Yellowstone river, and watered by its tributaries and by Mussel Shell river. Thick-Timbered river crosses the S. E. corner. There are mountains in the E. part. The Northern Pacific railroad will pass through the N. part. BIG HORN RIVER, the largest tributary of the Yellowstone, rising in the Rocky moan- tains a little N. of Fremont's peak, in the N.
