INDUS 257 absolving faculties granted on such an occasion to confessors. A partial indulgence, specify- ing any limited time, alludes to the forms of the old penitential canons, which enjoined for each sin a penance proportioned in rigor and duration to its gravity. The inscriptions to be found in Kome or elsewhere in Catholic churches on what are called privileged altars give much offence to Protestants, because the words denote that " these souls are delivered from purgatory." Benedict XIV. explains them by saying that " whenever a pope de- clares an altar to be privileged, he sets apart, each time the eucharistic sacrifice is offered on it for a departed soul, a sufficient portion of the church's treasure of merits to obtain from God, if it so pleaseth him, the release of that soul from purgatory." This explanation also applies to the indulgences attached to certain festivals, to privileged pilgrimages, to visiting certain churches, or to the performance of such devotions as the " way of the cross." All can be appropriated to the souls in purgatory in the way mentioned above. The Scriptural grounds to which Roman Catholic theologians appeal iu support of their doctrine of satisfac- tion and indulgences are : 1, for satisfaction, the examples of Adam, Moses, Aaron, and Da- vid, who, though pardoned, were subjected to most grievous temporal punishments; 2, for indulgences, the power of the keys bestowed on Peter (Matt. xvi. 19), and on the apostles collectively (Matt, xviii. 18), and their exercise in binding (1 Cor. v. 4) and in loosing or re- mitting (2 Cor. ii. 6). Moreover, they contend, the doctrine of the church in this matter rests on tradition, which is interpreted by the per- petual usage of the church and the writings of the fathers. See "Wiseman's " Lectures on the Doctrines and Practices of the Catholic Church" (London, 1844; Baltimore, 1852); Bergier's Dictionnaire de theologie ; Hirscher's Lehre vom Abla (Tubingen, 1844); Nean- der's "History of Doctrines," vol. ii., 594, and " Church History," vol. iii. ; and Hodge's " Systematic Theology," vol. iii. INDl'S, or Slnde (Sans. Sindhw, river; Pers. Afi-Sind), a river of Asia, rising on the N. side of the Himalaya, in Thibet, and dis- charging into the Arabian sea. Its three re- motest feeders are the Senge-khabab (" sprung from the lion's mouth "), also called the Singi- choo (" lion stream "), the Lang-choo, and the Gartung-choo. All three have their sources N. of the Kailas range. The first named is the largest, and is considered the beginning of the Indus. It rises near the Kailas Parbat moun- tain, at an elevation of about 18,000 ft., about lat. 81 10' N., Ion. 81 20' E., not more than 100 m. from the sources of the Sanpo, one of the principal feeders of the Brahmapootra, and of the Ganges. The Lang-choo flows into the Senge-khabab before the Gartung, and 50 m. further, flowing N. W., the river enters Ladakh. At Raldang, 100 m. from the confluence, it can still be crossed without boats during the greater part of the summer. At Eanag, 9 m. below Raldang, it is passable for horses during the whole year. The ex- treme width of the river at this point, how- ever, is remarkable. The water surface, mea- sured in summer, was 2,158 ft. across, and left nearly in the middle of the river a bank 1,155 ft. wide entirely uncovered. It is presumed that in seasons of flood the Indus attains here a width of 3,313 ft. The depth is only 2 or 3 ft. The width of the river decreases very rapidly from this point, and about 450 m. from its source, near the city of Leh, it is reduced in the summer to 75 ft., with a depth of 8 ft. The valley of the Indus is here only 10,723 ft. high, the river having fallen nearly 5,300 ft., or at the rate of 12 ft. to the mile. Continuing its N. W. course through the valley S. of the Kailas range, 50 m. below the town of Kalatse it is still 75 ft. wide, but on only one third of the surface are signs of a steady flow ; the re- mainder is either in a state of stagnation, or moves on very slowly. The river is however very deep in its main channels, measuring from 18 to 22 ft. About 55 m. below it receives the river Dras from Cashmere, and at Kiris, 47 m. further, it is joined on the right by the large river Shy-yok. At the mountain Mendok-kar, near Iskardoh, the chief town of Bulti, which the river reaches by a circuit of 50 m., it is no more than 7,255 ft. above the level of the sea. The name Senge-khabab disappears here, and the river begins to be known as the Ab-Sind, or Indus. About 60 m. below Iskardoh it changes its course suddenly from N. "W. to S., and crosses the Himalaya a few miles above the E. end of the valley of Gilgit, from which it receives the river Yasan. It descends in a torrent to Bunji, a town 20 m. further on and only 4,870 ft. above the sea. A few miles be- low this it leaves the territory of Bulti and enters that of Kafiristan, through which it flows for nearly 170 m. in a tortuous S. W. and S. course. The character of this portion of the river is almost totally unknown. It re- turns to the British territory at Derband, mea- suring in August nearly 300 ft. across, but without much depth. There are five fords be- tween here and Attock, 60 m. below; they are at times somewhat treacherous, and it is related that at one of them, just above the in- flux of the Cabool, Eunjeet Singh lost 7,000 men in trying to cross with his army. Al- though the Cabool is navigable for 40 m., the navigation of the Indus terminates just above its confluence. Attock is situated 1,049 ft. above the sea, or 9,674 ft. below Leh. The course of the river between these two cities is 470 m. long, which shows a fall of nearly 21 ft. to the mile over this distance, or of a little more than 16 ft. to the mile from the source. From Attock to the sea the Indus is 942 m. long. It moves at first impetuously through high cliffs of slate, which contract it to a width of 250 ft., but render it 180 ft. deep. Near Kalabagh it enters a plain, takes up the Swan or
