260 INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITIONS besides the machinery and art buildings, it was found necessary to erect smaller build- ings for carriages, agricultural implements, and cheap articles. Spaces in the open ground were also devoted to the exhibition of certain articles. The government guaranteed 4 per cent, on the outlay, and a share of the profits, if there were any ; but as there were none, all the receipts for admissions went to the com- pany. The cost of the buildings and other expenses amounted to about $5,000,000. The emperor opened the exhibition May 15, and it continued till Nov. 15, during which time there were 4,533,464 visitors, one third fewer than to that of London in 1851, though the Paris exhibition was open on Sundays. There were 10,691 exhibitors from France and her colo- nies, and 10,108 from 53 foreign countries and 22 colonies. As a grand display the exhibition was very successful, and it was estimated that the money spent in Paris by foreign visitors compensated for the financial failure of the ex- hibition itself. In 1861 there were important exhibitions at Haarlem of the industries of Holland ; at Nantes of the manufactures and fine arts of France and Algeria ; and at Flor- ence of Italian silk in all stages of its culture and of silk goods in every variety of manufac- ture. The second London international exhi- bition, in 1862, started with a guarantee fund of 450,000, to which Prince Albert subscribed 10,000. A building of brick, glass, and iron, with flooring and galleries covering 1,400,000 sq. ft., was erected at South Kensington. This exhibition was intended by the society of arts to follow the great exhibition of 1851 as the second decennial in 1861 ; but the Italian war postponed it a year. The exhibition continued 177 days, during which there were 6,211,103 visitors ; the largest number in one day (Oct. 30) was 67,891, and the daily average 36,329. There were in the industrial division 17,861 foreign exhibitors, who took 9,344 prizes, and 8,487 British and colonial, who received 4,071~ prizes. The total expenditures were 460,000 ; receipts from admissions, &c., 448,000; the deficiency of 12,000 was wholly due to the great cost of the building, which was designed to be permanent, but was subsequently demol- ished, and the materials were used in the con- struction of the Alexandra palace, destroyed by fire June 9, 1873. In 1863 an exhibition was held in Constantinople, national for Turkish manufactures, and universal for foreign imple- ments and machinery. It was not important, but was made attractive by the display of jew- els from the imperial palace and seraglio. The exhibition at Amsterdam in 1864 was devoted to the display of Dutch industry, and in the same year smaller local industrial shows were held at Malta, at Calcutta, and at Lucknow, and a combined French and Spanish exhibition was held at Bayonne. The South London and North London working-class industrial exhibi- tions began in 1864; the latter was the most important, having 934 exhibitors, 200,000 vis- itors in the 18 days of the show, and a clear profit of 800. The international exhibition at Dublin in 1865, from May 8 to Nov. 9, had 770 British and 288 colonial and foreign exhib- itors ; but the visitors numbered only 600,000, a little more than half of the number in 1853, and financially it was a failure. In 1865 there was an exhibition at Oporto, confined chiefly to Portuguese industry, though there was a show of British agricultural implements and machinery. In the same year there was a show of New Zealand manufactures at Dune- din ; an international exhibition, chiefly agri- cultural, by Germany, Holland, and Belgium, at Cologne ; and an interesting international display of fishing tackle, &c., at Boulogne. Working men's local exhibitions were also held at Birmingham, Nottingham, Manchester, Pres- ton, &c., and one at Vienna which distributed 613 prizes to 1,025 exhibitors, and made a profit of 2,000 florins, which was given to city charities. Several comparatively small work- ing-class industrial shows were held in London, but only one of them was financially success- ful. Of two similar exhibitions in London in 1866, one, by having a hall rent free, secured a small surplus, which was distributed in prizes ; the other had 1,492 exhibitors and 53,000 visit- ors, and, with 1,066 rent, made 900 profit. In 1866 Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Finland combined in a show of Scandinavian industry at Stockholm, in which manufactures in iron, steel, woollens, and earthenware were princi- pal features. The Melbourne exhibition of the same year assembled 3,360 exhibitors from South Australia, Victoria, New Zealand, New South Wales, Queensland, and Tasmania. The Brazilian exhibition of 1866, first at Pernam- bnco and afterward at Rio de Janeiro, was mainly of raw produce, which was subsequent- ly sent to the Paris exhibition. The Paris universal exhibition of 1867 was held in the Champ de Mars, in an oval building 1,550 ft. long and 1,250 ft. wide, covering 11 acres, while smaller buildings increased the area to 35 acres. Seventy surrounding acres, partly laid out as a garden, were covered with all kinds of buildings, including model cottages, restaurants, theatres, and even places of wor- ship. The main building was a series of ovals one within another, starting from a central pavilion containing the coins, weights, and measures of all nations. The ovals were de- voted to the following uses : 1, to works of art; 2, to materials, &c., of the liberal arts, printing, books, stationery, surgical, scientific, mathematical, and musical instruments ; 3, to furniture and household goods ; 4, to clothing ; 5, to raw materials ; 6, to tools and light ma- chinery; 7, to cereals, vegetables, food prepa- rations, &c. There was also a gallery which exhibited the progressive history of labor. From the central pavilion avenues radiated like spokes through the ovals, and the spaces between the avenues were assigned to different countries, so that visitors making the tour of
