INNOCENT INNS OF COURT 289 the Albigenaes, which was carried on by his legates and Simon de Montfort with such rigor and cruelty as finally to draw his censure upon them. After being for 18 years the ruling spirit of his age, he was carried off by a vio- lent fever which terminated in paralysis. In- nocent's works (Cologne, 1552 and 1575 ; Ven- ice, 1578) consist of theological discourses, homilies, a commentary on the seven peniten- tial psalms, and a number of letters. His let- ters, which are the most important in a histor- ical point of view, were printed by Baluze in 2 vols. fol. (Paris, 1682), to which Breguigny and Du Theil in 1791 added 2 vols. containing new letters collected from the Vatican ar- chives. Innocent is the author of a celebrated hymn, Veni Sancte Spiritus. The Stdbat Ma- ter, which is also attributed to him, is claimed as the work of a Franciscan. The German his- torian F. Hurter has published a remarkable history of this pope : GeschicMe Papst Inno- eenz III. und seiner Zeitgenossen (4 vols. 8vo, Hamburg and Gotha, 1834-'42). See also his life by A. E. de Gasparin (Paris, 1873). IV. Innocent XI., Benedetto Odescalcbl, born in Como. May 16, 1611, died in Rome, Aug. 12, 1689'. Historians have confounded him with a name- sake and relative, who was a soldier in his youth, but embraced the ecclesiastical profes- sion. Benedetto was descended from a wealthy family, began his studies in the Jesuit college of Como, and graduated in theology and canon law at Rome, where he received holy orders. He was made cardinal by Innocent X. His virtues and talents secured him general esteem ; and on his accession to the papal throne, he ap- plied himself to revive the ancient discipline of the church. He attempted to curtail the right of asylum, which, being possessed by foreign ambassadors, had extended to the entire dis- tricts where their residence was situated. His good intentions were partly baffled by the op- position of Marshal d'Estrees, the French am- bassador ; but he was prudent enough to avoid at the time an open rupture with Louis XIV. The domineering spirit of the king soon gave rise to a quarrel. In 1673 a decree of Louis ordered the regale, that is, the royal privilege of receiving the revenues and granting at pleas- ure the benefices of vacant bishoprics, to be ex- tended over the provinces of France in which it had not yet been in existence ; this was op- posed by the bishops of Alet and Pamiers, x whom the pope earnestly supported. The king then summoned a general assembly of the bish- ops of his kingdom, who not only supported his policy concerning the regale, but issued the celebrated propositions of March, 1682, declaring the power of the pope inferior to that of a general council, and maintaining the special rights and privileges of the Galilean church. In answer to this Innocent held a sol- emn consistory, severely censured the bishops who had taken part in the proceedings, which a bull declared null and void, ordered the four propositions to be burned, and refused to grant canonical confirmation to such bishops as had been newly appointed by the king. This con- test was embittered by the renewal of the quar- rel about the right of asylum. By a brief of May 12, 1687, Innocent formally abolished that right, and excommunicated all who should maintain it. Louis XIV. at once gave orders to his new ambassador, the marquis de Lavar- din, to uphold the disputed privilege, even by force; and the marquis accordingly made a solemn and threatening entrance into Rome at the head of about 800 armed men. The pope, considering him excommunicated de facto, de- clined to receive him, and ordered worship to be discontinued wherever he should present himself. The king, exasperated at the pope's firmness, caused his parliament and a number of French bishops to appeal to a general coun- cil against Innocent's measures, had his nuncio arrested at Paris, and seized upon Avignon. The pope continued inflexible to the last. It was during his pontificate that Michael Moli- nos, a Spanish priest, advanced in his "Spirit- ual Guide " the mystical doctrine known as quietism. The book was condemned by the in- r rition, Sept. 3, 1687 ; the author abjured his trine publicly; and the proceedings were approved by the pope. In 1688 he received an embassy from the king of Siam, who had been converted by Jesuit missionaries. Some histo- rians have affirmed that the Jesuits accused Innocent XL of Jansenism; this the Jesuits deny, and there exists no evidence of the accu- sation. His repeated entreaties induced John Sobieski to relieve Vienna in September, 1683, when besieged by the Turks ; the pope and the cardinals contributing a subsidy of 400,000 crowns for the expenses of the war. IMS OF COURT, colleges in London, in which students of law reside and pursue their studies. In England at a very early date the science of law was taught in the metropolis in certain buildings in the immediate vicinity of the courts of law which were called inns of court, inn anciently signifying a mansion or place. The establishment of the court of common pleas at Westminster led to the gathering in its neighbor- hood of the whole body of " common " law- yers, and to the establishment in the metropo- lis of hostels or hospitia curice, which were so called because they were attached to or de- pendent upon the court. These hostels were occupied by the lawyers as offices and some- times as dwellings, and contained also schools where the law was studied. But in 1346 the knights hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, to whom the pope had granted the English estates of the suppressed order of knights templars, leased the buildings and gardens of the templars in London to certain students of the common law, who established in them a hostel or inn of court. The place continued to be called the Temple, from its former occu- pants. In the course of a few years the num- ber of inns increased to four, which still exist, viz.: the Inner Temple, the Middle Temple,
