IOWA 335 Union. North of lat. 42 timber is comparatively scarce, but south of that line and along the rivers the country is well wooded. Ash, elm, sugar and white maple, and cottonwood grow in the river bottoms ; and in other localities are found poplar, oak, hickory, walnut, basswood, &c. In the north there is some pine timber. Groves of cedar are found along the Iowa and Red Cedar rivers. Among fruit trees, the apple, cherry, and pear attain the highest perfection ; the wild plum, grape, and gooseberry are indi- genous. For the cultivation of the cereals no part of the country surpasses this state; it is also favorable both in climate and soil for the castor oil plant, flax, tobacco, &c. Potatoes are also a favorite staple. Tea has been raised in Crawford co., the yield being over 700 Ibs. to the acre. Iowa ranks high in agriculture. According to the census of 1870, it produced more wheat and Indian corn than any other state in the Union except Illinois, and ranked fifth in the production of oats. The state contained 9,396,467 acres of improved land, 2,524,796 of woodland, and 3,620,533 of oth- er unimproved land. The total number of farms was 116,292, of which 34,041 contained from 20 to 50 acres, 41,372 from 50 to 100, 30,142 from 100 to 500, 321 from 500 to 1,000, and 38 over 1,000. The cash value of farms was $392,662,441 ; of farming implements and machinery, $20,509,582 ; total amount of wages paid during the year, including value of board, $9,377,878 ; total (estimated) value of all farm productions, including betterments and addi- tions to stock, $114,386,441 ; value of orchard products, $1,075,169; of products of market gardens, $244,963 ; of forest products, $1,200,- 468 ; of home manufactures, $521,404 ; of ani- mals slaughtered or sold for slaughter, $25,- 781,223 ; of all live stock, $82,987,133. There were on farms 433,642 horses, 25,485 mules and asses, 369,800 milch cows, 614,366 other cattle, 855,493 sheep, and 1,353,908 swine. The chief productions were 28,708,312 bushels of spring and 727,380 of winter wheat, 505,807 of rye, 68,935,065 of Indian corn, 21,005,142 of oats, 1,960,779 of barley, 109,432 of buck- wheat, 42,313 of peas and beans, 5,914,620 of Irish and 34,292 of sweet potatoes, 2,475 of clover seed, 53,432 of grass seed, 88,621 of flax seed, 1,777,339 tons of hay, 71,792 Ibs. of to- bacco, 2,967,043 of wool, 27,512,179 of butter, 1,087,741 of cheese, 146,490 of maple sugar, 171,113 of hops, 695,518 of flax, 853,213 of honey, 2,225 of wax, 37,518 gallons of wine, 688,800 of milk sold, 1,218,635 of sorghum and 9,315 of maple molasses. According to the state census, the number of acres of im- proved land in 1872 was 9,987,788. There were produced in that year 32,437,836 bushels of wheat, 141,744,522 of Indian corn, 22,113,- 013 of oats, 5,770,169 of barley, and 2,348,884 Ibs. of wool. The total assessed value of live stock in 1873 was $36,521,346. There were 1,178,017 cattle, valued at $12,931,807; 557,052 horses, $18,936,037; 32,010 mules, $1,357,478; 523,089 sheep, $572,438; and 1,460,784 swine, $2,723,586. The total number of manufac- turing establishments was 6,566, having 899 steam engines of 25,298 horse power, and 726 water wheels of 14,249 horse power, and em- ploying 25,032 hands, of whom 23,395 were males above 16 years of age, 951 females above 15, and 686 youths. The capital invested amounted to $22,420,183; wages paid during the year, $6,893,292 ; value of materials, $27,- 682,096 ; products, $46,534,322. The chief in- dustries were as follows: INDUSTRIES. Number of establish- ments. Steam engines, bone power. Water wheels, horse power. Hands employed. Capital invested. Wanes paid. Value of materials. Value of products. 68 457 20 652 $548 040 $182 188 $401 872 $829 965 886 1,607 491 562 20i; 92:i 488176 1,320,019 680 1292 401598 801 174 548086 1218480 Carpentering and building 689 48 2,885 298 220 527 888 1,550274 2,981,988 449 208 1662 1 086,882 566 22 739 240 1,952,143 Flouring and grist mill products Furniture 502 228 7,286 439 10,172 62 1,867 959 5.705,758 670 525 605.865 295 :MS 11,961,444 840,124 15,135.845 98i;691 101 191 8 405 1 288 184 181671 422 148 992848 21 522 191 201 800 82788 707844 867415 545 12,758 2,598 8,782 8 9-_>!i Olll 095 9C2 8 802 782 6,794,285 10 86 828 927150 45170 1 064 100 1,190,400 825 879 417 615 208 282 591272 1 110 852 Woollen goods 68 968 907 1,0(8 1 882 784 204 061 929,132 1,561,841 Iowa has no direct foreign commerce, but its trade with the Atlantic and gulf ports and the interior is comparatively extensive. The exports consist of the products of agriculture and mines, and the imports of eastern and for- eign manufactures, groceries, &c. The shipping points are Keokuk, Fort Madison, Burlington, Muscatine, Davenport, Clinton, Bellevue, Du- buque, McGregor, &c. ; and at all of these places an active trade is also carried on with the in- terior, with which they are connected to a large 435 VOL. ix. 22 extent by river steamboat routes and by rail- road. The state has three United States ports of delivery, Burlington, Dubuque, and Keo- kuk. The total number of vessels registered, enrolled, and licensed in 1873 was 78, having a tonnage of 5,489 ; 70 of these belonged to Dubuque. At this point boat building is car- ried on to some extent; five vessels of 497 tons, including four steamers, were built here in 1873. In November, 1878, 75 national banks were in operation ; paid-in capital, $6,017,000;
