38 HUGUENOTS several edicts were again published in rapid succession which aimed at reducing and finally exterminating the Huguenots. Colbert, from considerations of national economy, made the utmost efforts to secure toleration for them, but they were of little avail. Two years after his death, in 1085, Louis XIV. published the celebrated revocation of the edict of Nantes, on which occasion at least 500,000 Protestants took refuge in foreign countries. From this time, for many years, their cause was com- pletely broken in France. In the wild moun- tains of the CeVennes, the religious peasants, under the name of Camisards, waged war against the royal troops for the defence of Protestant principles ; but they had finally to succumb. In 1705 there was not a single or- ganized congregation of Huguenots left in all France. Soon, however, the scattered rem- nants wore again collected and the church re- organized by the indefatigable Jean Court. Although under the reign of Louis XV. severe ordinances were again issued against them, they continued to increase, and in the middle of the century found a powerful aid in men like Montesquieu and Voltaire. Their position was greatly improved on the accession of Louis XVI. (1774), and finally the revolution restored to them their full rights, which have been sub- stantially respected by all the succeeding gov- ernments of France. The right of convening general synods of the church was, however, not recovered till 1872. The term Huguenot had long before ceased to be the common name of the church, which is now known as the Re- formed church of France. So early as 1555, Coligni attempted, but without success, to es- tablish a Huguenot colony in Brazil. In 1562 he sent out two ships, under the command of Jean Ribault, on a voyage of exploration to Florida, but the attempt to establish a colony was unsuccessful. Many departed for North America even before the revocation of the edict of Nantes. Some settled in and around New Amsterdam, now New York, where their family names are frequent. Others found homes in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Virginia. But South Carolina was their favorite resting place, and a large number of the foremost families in that state are of Huguenot origin. This class of emigrants has contributed, in proportion to its numbers, a vast share to the culture and prosperity of the United States. Wherever they settled they were noted for severe morality, great charity, and politeness and elegance of manners. Of seven presidents who directed the deliberations of the congress of Philadelphia during the revolution, three, Henry Laurens, John Jay, and Elias Boudinot, were of Huguenot parentage. Among the co- pious existing sources of Huguenot history, the principal are : Beza, Histoire ecclesiastique des Eglises reformees du royaume de France (Antwerp, 1580) ; "Weiss, Histoire des refugies protestants de France (Paris, 1843 ; translated by H. W. Herbert, New York, 1854) ; Gieseler, HULL Lehrbuch der KirchcngeschkUte (Bonn, 1845- '7) ; Berthold, Deutschland und die Hugenotten (Bremen, 1848) ; Felice, Histoire des protes- tants de France (Paris, 1851) ; the Bulletin de la sociite de Vhistoire du protestantisme francais ; La France protestante, by Eugene and Emile Ilaag (9 vols., Paris, 1859) ; Smiles, " The Huguenots : their Settlements, Churches, and Industries in England and Ireland" (Lon- don, 1867 ; American edition, New York, 1869, containing a valuable appendix on the Hugue- nots in the United States, by G. P. Disosway, a descendant of a Huguenot family) ; Hugues, Histoire de la restauration du protestantisme de France an XVIII' siecle (2 vols., Paris, 1872). HCLIN, or Iliilliii. Pierre Angnstin, count, a French general, born in Paris, Sept. 6, 1758, died Jan. 9, 1841. He enlisted in the army when scarcely 13 years old, entered the regi- ment of French guards, and was a sergeant when the revolution broke out. He sided with the people, distinguished himself by his valor and humanity at the taking of the Bastile, July 14, 1789, and was appointed captain in the national guards under Lafayette. During the reign of terror he was imprisoned, but was liberated after the fall of Robespierre. In 1796 he joined the army of Italy under Bona- parte, who appointed him adjutant general ; he was governor of Milan in 1797-'8, and was in Paris on the 18th Brumaire, when he sup- ported his general. He followed Bonaparte in Italy during the campaign of Marengo ; was made brigadier general in 1803 ; presided over the court martial which sentenced the duke d'Enghien to death, March 21, 1804 ; received the rank of general of division and the com- mand of the first military division in 1807; and was the next year created count of the empire. He held the command of Paris until the first restoration ; and although, after the abdication of Napoleon, he had sent in his adhesion to the new government, he was dis- missed by the Bourbons. He resumed his post during the hundred days, was arrested on the second restoration, and compelled to leave France, but was allowed to return in 1819. Under the title of Explications offertes aux hommes impartiaux au iujet de la commission militaire institutes en Van XII pour juger le due d'Enghien (Paris, 1823), he published a plain account of his part in that tragedy. HULL, or Kingston-npon-Hnll, a municipal and parliamentary borough and seaport of Eng- land, in the East riding of Yorkshire, on the river Hull, at its mouth in the Humber, 34 m. S. E. of York, '154 m. N. of London, and 20 m. from the sea ; pop. in 1871, 121,598. It is built on a low plain, protected against inunda- tion by artificial means, and extends more than 2 m. along the W. bank of the Hull, and near- ly the same distance along the N. bank of the Humber. The streets are very irregular, but are mostly well paved, lighted, and drained. The residences of the wealthy inhabitants are principally in the parish of Sculcoates and the
