634 JESUITS Roman Catholic church. An imperial ukase of Jan. 1, 1816, closed their establishments at St. Petersburg and Moscow; and another of March 25, 1820, suppressed the order entirely in all Russia and Poland, The Jesuits had :ic- companied Leonard Calvert when ho sailed for the Chesapeake, and were the first religious in- structors of the early Catholic settlers of Ma- ryland, as well as of the neighboring Indian tribes. John Carroll, first archbishop of Bal- timore, and some of his American fellow coun- trymen, were completing their " third proba- tion " in Austria when the brief of suppression was issued. They hastened to America at the beginning of the revolutionary war, and con- tinued to live in community until the restora- tion of the order. Since then their progress has been rapid. They are divided into two provinces and several important missions. The parent province of Maryland has establish- ments in the states of Massachusetts, Pennsyl- vania, Maryland, and Virginia, and the District of Columbia; the province of Missouri, found- ed by that of Maryland with the help of nu- merous recruits from Belgium and Holland, has establishments in the dioceses of St. Louis, Cincinnati, Chicago, and Milwaukee. The mission of New York, originally founded by the province of France, but now independent, embraces the whole state of New York and the Dominion of Canada, and has three colleges with a novitiate, several residences, and mis- sionary establishments among the Indian tribes of Lake Superior. The mission of the province of Germany, recently organized for the benefit of the German population, possesses several houses in western New York and Ohio. The New Orleans mission, dependent on the prov- ince of Lyons, conducts three colleges and sev- eral flourishing houses in the dioceses of New Orleans and Mobile. The province of Naples has about 25 missionaries in New Mexico and Colorado, and the province of Turin 120 in California and among the Indians of the Rocky mountains. Their colleges in the United States are as follows : Boston college, South Boston, and college of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Mass. ; of St. Francis Xavier, New York ; St. John's, New York (Fordham) ; St. Joseph's, Philadelphia ; St. John's, Frederick, Md. ; Loy- ola, Baltimore ; Gonzaga, Washington, D. C. ; Georgetown, D. C. ; Spring Hill, near Mobile, Ala.; St. Louis university, St. Louis, Mo.; college of the Immaculate Conception, New Orleans; St. Charles's, Grand Coteau, La.; St. Joseph's, Bardstown, Ky. ; St. Xavier's, Cin- cinnati ; St. Ignatius' college, San Francisco ; and Santa Clara, Cal. In Canada, the Jesuits conduct St. Mary's college, Montreal, founded in 1848 ; and they have recently petitioned the Dominion parliament for a restoration to them of the estates owned by the order before its suppression in France and her colonies. The number of Jesuits in the United States and Canada at the present time (1874) is 1,062. In Mexico and the states of Central and South America they have sometimes been admitted, sometimes again expelled, their fate being de- pendent on the success or defeat of the several political parties. They are now entirely ex- pelled from the Mexican and Colombian repub- lics. The prosperous seminaries which they directed in Guatemala were suppressed in 1873, and the Jesuits themselves compelled to leave the country. Missionary establishments had been also opened a few years ago in Ecuador, Peru, and the province of Maranham, Brazil ; but they were suppressed in 1874. In Chili and Paraguay several establishments have been recently founded, all of which are subject to the same insecurity. Jesuits also now labor as missionaries among nearly all the non-Chris- tian nations of the world, especially among the Indians of North America, in Turkey, in India, and China. The number of Jesuits distributed through the five assistancies in 1873 was as follows : in the five dispersed provinces of the Italian assistancy Rome 459, Naples 308, Si- cily 206, Turin 301, and Venice 246 ; in the German assistancy Austria 462, Belgium 642, Galicia 230, Germany 764, and Holland 313; in the French assistancy Champagne 430, missions of New York and Canada 251, France 735, Lyons 722, Toulouse 595; in the dispersed Spanish assistancy Aragon 560, Castile 784, Mexico 31 ; in the English assistancy England 383, Ireland 183, Maryland 265, and Missouri 255. Total number of members, 9,266. At- tached to the assistancy of Italy are the fol- lowing missions : province of Rome, 80 mem- bers in Etruria, ^Emilia, and Brazil ; province of Naples, 25 in New Mexico and Colorado ; Turin, 120 in California and the Rocky moun- tains ; Venice, 40 in Illyria, Dalmatia, and Venetia. German assistancy: Austria, 23 in South Australia ; Belgium, 44 in Bengal; Ger- many, 52 in western New York, &c., 70 in Bombay, 31 in Brazil, and 15 in Java. French assistancy: Champagne, 21 in northern China; New York and Canada, 19 in Indian missions of Lake Superior; France, 16 in Cayenne and 86 in Nanking; Lyons, 72 in Algeria, 94 in New Orleans and gulf states, and 70 in Syria ; Toulouse, 77 in the isle of Reunion and Mada- gascar, and 78 in Madura (India). English as- sistancy: England, 14 in Scotland, 13 in Guiana, and 17 in Jamaica; Ireland, 12 in Melbourne, Australia; Missouri, 13 among the Osages, and 22 among the Pottawattamies. In all, 1,734 missionaries. The order has had since the foundation the following 22 generals, many of whom belong also to its most celebrated names : 1, Loyola, a Spaniard, 1541-'56 ; 2, Lay- nez, a Spaniard, 1558-'6o ; 3, Borgia, a Span- iard, 1565-'72 ; 4, Mercurian, a Belgian, 1573- '80 ; 5, Acquaviva, a Neapolitan, 1581-1615 ; 6, Vitelleschi, a Roman, 1615-'45 ; 7, Caraffa, a Neapolitan, 1646-'9; 8, Piccolomini, a Floren- tine, 1649-'51 ; 9, Gottofredi, a Roman, Jan. 21 to March 12, 1652 ; 10, Nickel, a German, 1652- '64; 11, Oliva, a Genoese; 1664-'81 ; 12, De Noyelle, a Belgian, 1682-'6; 13, Gonzalez, a
