644: JOBBE-DUVAL JOB'S TEAKS times seems to act arbitrarily, as absolute Lord. At the conclusion the Lord himself addresses Job out of a whirlwind, condemning both his presumption in daring to criticise the Omnipo- tent, of whose ways he knows so little, and the false reasoning of his friends, who endeavored to vindicate Providence by accusing an inno- cent sufferer. Job acknowledges his nothing- ness, and is amply rewarded for his constancy. Of the author of this book nothing is known, and its age is variously estimated. Formerly it was generally believed, from the archaic character of its diction and descriptions, to be one of the most ancient books of the canon, and to have been originally written in old He- brew or perhaps in Arabic. More recent ex- positors, as Gesenius, Umbreit, and De Wette, Elace it in the time of the Chaldean exile, chlottmann, Delitzsch, and others refer it to the age of Solomon, or a still later one. In poetic sublimity the book is surpassed by no other in the Hebrew Scriptures, and in vigor of expression hardly equalled by any. Many of its passages, however, are exceedingly ob- scure. The book of Job has been treated by many authors, among whom are De Pineda, (Commentarii, Madrid, 1597-1601, and later editions in Cologne, Antwerp, Venice, Paris, and Lyons), Schultens (1737), Umbreit (1824; English translation, Edinburgh, 1836-'7), Ro- senmuller (1824), Ewald (1836), Lee (1837), Hirzel (1839; new ed., 1864), Heiligstedt (1847), Hahn (1849), Noyes (1850 ; new ed., 1867), Schlottmann (1851), Hengstenberg (1856; new ed., 1870), Conant (1856), Eb- rard(1858), Renan (1859-'60), Delitzsch (1864 ; English translation, Edinburgh, 1866), David- son (1862), Merx (1870), Hitzig (1874), and Green (New York, 1874). JOBBE-DUVAL, Annand Marie Felix, a French painter, born at Carhaix, Finiste're, in 1825. He studied under Delaroche, and became known as a genre, portrait, and religious painter of the so- called Neo-Greek school, excelling by his deli- cate treatment of his subjects. He was adjunct mayor of Paris in 1870-'71, but resigned shortly after the installation of the commune, and sub- sequently became one of the municipal coun- cillors. Among the best known of his numer- ous works are " The Painting of the Virgin " (1849), "The Toilet of a Bride" (1857), "The Jews expelled from Spain " (1857), and paint- ings of the life of St. Francis for the Paris church of Saint Louis en 1'Ile (1864). JOBERT, Antolne Joseph, a French physician, known as Jobert de Lamballe, born in Brittany in 1799 or 1802, died in Paris, April 22, 1867. He took his degree of M. D. in 1828, and became one of the most distinguished surgeons of Paris, his new operations in diseases of the womb and his process of intussusception being generally adopted. In the latter part of his life he became insane. The French in- stitute, of which he was a member, awarded a purse of 2,000 francs to his Traite theorique et pratique des maladies chirurgicales du canal intestinal (2 vols., Paris, 1829). His other works relate to his specialty of uterine dis- eases and his process of intestinal intussuscep- tion (invagination intestinale), including Traite de chirurgie plastique (2 vols., 1849), with a sequel, Traitement des Jistules vesico-vaginales (1 vol., 1852) ; Des appareih electriques et des poissom electriques (1858) ; and De la reunion en chirurgie (1864). JOB'S TEARS, the fruit of a grass which has long been in use in Catholic countries for the Job's Tears. beads of rosaries. This grass, coix lachryma, is a native of the East Indies, and was former- ly treated as a greenhouse plant ; it will flourish in the open air in the climate of New York ; and as its seeds retain their vitality during the winter, numerous self- sown plants spring up where the plant stood the year be- fore. It grows 2 or 3 ft. high, and before flowering has much the appearance of Indian corn ; each root pro- duces numerous stems and forms a large clump. The flowers are borne at the sum- mit of the stems in a simple spike or branching panicle, and are monoecious; their structure is quite unlike that of most grasses; the pistil- late flower is enclosed by an egg-shaped involucre, from an orifice in the apex of which appears a slender stem which bears several stami- nate flowers ; the stigmas of the flowers are protruded beyond the opening in the involucre to be fertilized ; when this has taken place the staminate flowers fall away, and the formerly herbaceous involucre Flower Spike.
