670 JOHNSTON tier duty and in the Black Hawk war till 1834, when he resigned, went to Texas, enlisted as a private soldier, in 1836 became adjutant feneral, and soon after succeeded Gen. Felix touston in the chief command of the army of Texas. This led to a duel, in which Johnston was wounded. He was the Texan secretary of war from 1838 to 1840. On the outbreak of the Mexican war he was made colonel of a volunteer regiment of Texan rifles ; his regi- ment having been discharged, he became in- spector general on the staff of Gen. W. O. But- ler, and was present at the battle of Monterey. From 1846 to 1849 he was engaged as a farm- er on the Brazos river. In October, 1849, he reentered the United States army with the rank of major, and served as paymaster till 1855. He was then made colonel of cavalry and placed in command of the department of Texas, which he held till August, 1857, when he took com- mand of the expedition to Utah. In Novem- ber, 1857, he was made brevet brigadier gen- eral for meritorious conduct while in command of the army in that territory. In January, 1861, he was placed in command of the de- partment of the Pacific, but was superseded in April by Gen. Sumner. He resigned his com- mission May 3, entered the confederate service, and was placed in command of the division of the West. On the first day of the battle of Shi- loh he received a ball in the leg which severed an artery, and he soon died from loss of blood, Gen. Beauregard succeeding to the command. JOHNSTON, Alexander, a Scottish painter, born in Edinburgh in 1816. He early became known chiefly in Scotch genre painting and smaller pictures. His more elaborate work, " Lord and Lady Russell receiving the Sacrament in Prison" (1846), is in the Vernon gallery, and his subsequent productions include " Melanch- thon surprised by a French Traveller while rocking the Cradle of his Child" (1854) and "Tyndal translating the Bible" (1855). His " Introduction of Flora Macdonald to Prince Charlie " was exhibited at Paris in 1855. Many of his pictures have been engraved. JOHNSTON, Alexander Keith, a Scottish geog- rapher, born in Kirkhill, Mid-Lothian, Dec. 28, 1804, died at Ben Rhydding, July 9, 1871. He was educated in Edinburgh, and then appren- ticed to an engraver, but soon manifested a decided taste for the study of geography. That he might be able to consult the highest geo- graphical authorities in the original, he made ' himself master of a number of modern lan- guages. He also travelled extensively for sci- entific purposes. His first important work was the "National Atlas" (1843), which se- cured his election to the royal geographical society, and his appointment to tlie office of geographer to the queen for Scotland. In 1848 his " Physical Atlas " was published, and im- mediately after its appearance he was chosen member of the Geselkchaft fur Erdkunde of Berlin, of the geographical society of Paris, and of the geological society of London. His other principal works are : a " Dictionary of Geography "(1850-'52; lasted., 1867); a "Geo- logical Map of Europe," in the preparation of which he was aided by Sir R. I. Murchison and Prof. Nichol ; "Atlas of North America" (1858) ; " Military Atlas to Alison's Europe ;" " Royal Atlas of Modern Geography," with a special index to each map (1860-'62, and later editions), the only atlas for which a prize medal was awarded at the London exhibition of 1862 ; and a series of six library maps of the great divisions of the globe (1863-'5). JOHNSTON, Arthur, a Scottish physician, born at Caskieben, near Aberdeen, in 1587, died in Oxford in 1641. After studying at the uni- versity of Aberdeen, he went to Padua, where he completed his education in 1010. He then travelled for some time in southern and cen- tral Europe, and resided for 20 years in France. About 1632 he returned to Scotland, and was appointed physician to Charles I. In 1637 he became principal of the university of Aber- deen, but his duties as royal physician requiring his residence at court, the greater part of his subsequent life was passed in England. He was highly esteemed as a Latin poet, his prin- cipal works being Parerga et Epigrammata (Aberdeen, 1632); Cantici Saloinonis Para- phrasis Poctica (London, 1633) ; and Para- phrasii Poetica Psalmomm Davidis (Aber- deen, 1637), by many considered equal to Bu- chanan's version. JOHNSTON, or Johnstone, Charles, a British satirist, born in Ireland early in the 18th cen- tury, died in British India about 1800. He studied law, but on account of deafness prac- tised only as a chamber counsel in London ; and during his last 18 years he was a journal- ist in Bengal. He published many satirical works, and acquired most notoriety by his "Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea" (London, 1760 ; 3d and enlarged ed., 4 vols., 1761 ; French translation by Frenais, Paris, 1768), with contemporary sketches painting " the baser sides of literature and life." JOHNSTON, George, a Scottish naturalist, born in 1798, died in Berwick-on-Twecd, July 3, 1855. After serving a medical apprenticeship with Dr. Abercrombie of Edinburgh, he en- tered the university of that city, where he graduated in 1819. Subsequently he settled as a medical practitioner at Berwick-on-Tweed. Amid many arduous professional duties he cul- tivated natural history with an enthusiasm and a success which rendered the place of his resi- dence " one of the most classic localities in Great Britain." Apart from numerous papers contributed to the "Edinburgh Philosophical Journal" and other scientific periodicals, he published two works of first-rate importance : " History of British Zoophytes" (3d ed., 2 vols. Svo, London, 1847), and "'History of British Sponges and Lithophytes " (Svo, 1842). In 1850 appeared his " Introduction to Conchology," with an abundance of illustrations. His latest work was " The Natural History of the East-
