702 JUDENBACH JUDSON ment is as conclusive as a homo judgment. The law on this subject both in tho United States end in England may now be considered as resting on a medium ground. First, it is certain that no sovereign state is bound to exe- cute a judgment or decree of any foreign state. Next, a foreign judgment is valid and conclu- sive, provided : 1, that the court rendering the judgment had full jurisdiction of tho case ; 2, that the case was properly brought before that court and properly tried ; 3, that there is nothing in the unquestionable law of the case which forbids or contradicts the judgment; and 4, that it was not obtained by fraud, de- ception, or oppression. The civilians of the continent of Europe generally maintain the absolute validity of a foreign judgment. But the courts of France have never yet recognized the validity of a foreign judgment, to the ex- tent to which this is now admitted in England and the United States ; although the recent ad- judications of that country indicate a much nearer approach than formerly to what may be called the English view of "the comity of nations" in this respect. Not only may a judgment be made the foundation of a suit, but a former judgment may be relied upon as a defence against a suit which would raise the same question anew. This ancient and impor- tant rule is never denied in its general form ; and it rests upon the obvious principle that there must be, at some time and by some means, an end of litigation. Therefore, if a question be once tried by a proper tribunal, and in a proper way, and solemnly decided, it is decided for all time, and cannot again be brought up for consideration. In other words, a judgment rendered is conclusive upon tho merits of a question; and this rule is now ap- plied, with the qualifications above stated, to a foreign judgment. For the lien on the real es- tate of the judgment debtor created by the judgment, see LIEN. JUDENBACH, a village of Saxe-Meiningen, Germany, on the 8. E. ridge of the Thuringian Forest, near the former boundary line of Thu- ringia and Franconia, and formerly celebrated as a great focus of trade between N. and S. Germany and of Nuremberg and Augsburg merchants. Luther was here in 1530, and the tavern (WirtJiahaui zur Rasf) where he re- sided, a decayed old building, was about to be sold and pulled down in 1873, when it was purchased by Mr. Fleischmann, a merchant of the neighboring town of Sonnenberg, who put it up in 1874 on the Schonberg, in the same condition in which it was when Luther in- habited it. JUDITH, daughter of Merari of the tribe of Reuben, widow of Manasseh, celebrated for her deliverance of her native city Bethulia when besieged by the Assyrian general Holo- fernes. Mourning the death of her husband during the siege of the town, and noted for her beauty, she went forth in rich attire to the camp of the enemy, played a treacherous part, attracted Ilolofernes by her charms, and on tho third day, when she was alone with him in his tent, and he was intoxicated, struck off his head with a falchion, and bore it into Be- thulia. In the morning the Israelites attack- ed and discomfited the Assyrians, who were panic-struck at the loss of their general. She lived to the age of 105 years, and the Jews are said to have instituted an annual festival in honor of the victory. The history is con- tained in the apocryphal book of the Old Tes- tament which bears her name. Calmet sup- posed the narrative to be a parable and not a real history, an opinion which is now general- ly shared by critics. According to Hilgenfeld, Lipsius, and others, the events described in the book took place in the time of the Maccabees ; and by Nebuchadnezzar we must understand Antiochus Epiphanes, and by Holofernes Ni- canor. They suppo'se the book to have been written about 144 B. 0. According to Volk- mar, Hitzig, and others, it was not composed until about A. D. 118, and the principal per- sons described in it are the emperor Trajan and his general Lusius Quietus. The book appears to have been originally written in Hebrew, and the Greek translation to have been the source from which the somewhat different Latin version was derived. JUDITH, Mile. (JULIE BEEXAT), a French ac- tress of Jewish parentage, born in Paris, Jan. 29, 1827. She is a remote relation of Rachel Felix, and made her first appearance on the stage in 1842. From 1844 to 1846 she played at the Varietes theatre, her oriental beauty and fine voice contributing to her success, and sub- sequently at the Theatre Francais, of the soci- ety of which she became a member in 1852. In 1859 she married M. Bernard-Derosne, whom she assisted in translations from the English. She afterward left the Theatre Frangais and performed at the Gaiete and other theatres. She excels as Charlotte Corday and as Rosine in the Earlier de Seville, and unites tragical power with sprightliness. JUDSON. I. Adoniram, an American mis- sionary, born in Maiden, Mass., Aug. 9, 1788, died at sea, April 12, 1850. He was the son of the Rev. Adoniram Judson, a Congrega- tional clergyman, and descended from William Judson, who came to New England in 1634. He graduated at Brown university in 1807, opened a private school in Plymouth, Mass., and published "Elements of English Gram- mar" (1808) and "Young Ladies' Arithmetic" (1809). His previously skeptical views having yielded to an examination of the evidences of Christianity, he entered the second class at Andover theological seminary, not as a candi- date for the ministry, but as an inquirer after truth, and completed tho course in 1810. The reading in 1809 of Dr. Buchanan's celebrated sermon entitled "The Star in the East" led him to devote himself to the missionary enter- prise. Several of his fellow students con- curred in bis views, and a formal application
