714 JUNG-BUNZLAU JUNG-STILLING He subsequently studied medicine and took his degree at Padua in 1618, but again filled a chair of mathematics at Rostock in 1624. He was prevented by the thirty years' war from accepting a professorship of medicine at Helm- stedt, and lived in retirement at Brunswick and Rostock till 1629, when he became rector of the Hamburg Johanneum. Leibnitz ranks him, on account of his perspicacity in opposing the scholastic school of philosophy, next to Coper- nicus and Galileo, and not far below Descartes. His works include Geometria Empirica (Ham- burg, 1688). Johann Vaget edited his MS. Joachim Jungius Isagoge Phytoscopica, &c. (Hamburg, 1678), in which ho anticipated Lin- neaus in suggesting technical terms relating to botany and in other respects. See Guhrauer, Joachim Jung und sein Zeitalter (Stuttgart, 1851), and Av6-Lallemont, Dei Dr. J. Jungius aus Lubeck Briefweschsel mit seinen Schiilern und Freunden (Lubeck, 1863). JinVG-BDNZLAU, or Bnnzlan (Boh. Mlada Bo- leslav), a town of Bohemia, capital of a cir- cle, on the Iser, 80 m. N. E. of Prague ; pop. in 1869, 8,695. It has 16 churches and a mon- astery of the Piarists, with a gymnasium. The ancient castle, which is said to have been built by Boleslas II. in the 10th century, is now used as barracks. The town stands near the site of an older Bunzlau, founded by Boleslas I., and destroyed in the Hussite and thirty years' wars. JUNGERMAMIA, a genus of cryptogamous plants belonging to the family hepaticce or liverworts, which is closely related to the mosses ; there are about 20 species in the United States, all small delicate plants, the general structure of which is described under LIVERWORT. JGNGFRAU (the "Maiden" or "Virgin"), a picturesque mountain, or rather group of mountains, in Switzerland, forming one of the ridges of the Bernese Alps, and separating the cantons of Valais and Bern. It is 13,671 (ac- cording to others 13,718) ft. high, and derives its name either from the pure mantle of snow which covers its crest, or from the fact that un- til the present century it was deemed inacces- sible. In 1811, however, the brothers Meyer of Aarau claimed to have ascended it. In 1828 the highest peak was reached by some peasants from Grindelwald, and in 1841 by Agassiz, ac- companied by Prof. Forbes of Edinburgh and others. Although the thermometer fell to 6 below zero, lichens were found on the highest exposed points. The highest peak rises in a sharp point, its summit being not more than 2 ft. broad. The Silberhorner, which are in- ferior peaks on the W. side, are remarkable for their graceful forms. .1 1 I. Ill II V Iranz Wilhelm, a German natural- ist, born at Mansfeld, Oct. 26, 1812, died at Lembang, Java, j^pril 24, 1864. He studied medicine, botany, and geology in Halle and Berlin, and became assistant surgeon in the Prussian army. Having fought a duel, he was sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment, but es- caped to France. He then received a pardon, and went in 1835 to the Dutch East Indies, was employed in Batavia for a year as military physician, and afterward explored the islands, especially Java and Sumatra, under the au- spices of the government. In 1849-'55 he was in Holland, preparing his observations for publication, and then returned to Java. His Topographische und Naturwissemchaft- liche Eeisen were edited by Nees von Esenbeck (Magdeburg, 1845). German and Dutch edi- tions of his Battaliinder in Sumatra appeared in Berlin and Leyden in 1847; and a German version by Hasskarl of his Zuriickreise von Java nach Europa in 1851. His most impor- tant work, considered by many the best on the subject, treats of the botany, geography, and geology of Java (Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzen- decke und innere Bauart, German ed. by Hass- karl, 3 vols., Leipsic, 1852-'4). In 1853 ap- peared his Landschaftsansichten von Java nach der Natur aufgenommen. In 1851 was begun, under the supervision of several distinguished naturalists, a large work entitled Plant Jung- huhniana, giving a description of the plants and fossils discovered by him in Java and Sumatra. JUNGMAM, Jozef Jakob, a Slavic philologist, born at Hudlitz, Bohemia, July 16, 1773, died in Prague, "Nov. 14, 1847. He was the son of a poor farmer, but received a superior educa- tion, and completed his studies at the university of Prague. He .was teacher at the gymnasium of Leitmeritz from 1799 to 1815, and afterward connected with the gymnasium and university of Prague till 1845, the last five years as rector of the latter institution. In 1820 he published a Bohemian chrestomathy (Slowesnost, 2d ed., 1846); in 1825 a history of the Bohemian language and literature (2d ed., 1848); and in 1835-'9 a complete Bohemian-German dic- tionary (Slownik Cetiko-Nemecky). JUNG-STILLING (JOHANN HEINRIOH JUNG), a German mystic, born at Im -Grand, Nassau, Sept. 12, 1740, died in Carlsruhe, April 2, 1817. After being successively a charcoal burner, tailor, and teacher, he began to study medicine at Strasburg, where he became acquainted with Goethe, who in his autobiography has given a fine analysis of his character. He operated for cataract with eminent success at Elberfeld, was professor of rural economy at Lautern (1778), Marburg (1787), and Heidel- berg (1804), and at his death was a privy councillor of Baden. The best known of his writings is an autobiography, Stilling's Ju- gend, Jilnglingsjahre, Wanderschaft, Lehrjahre, hausliches Leben und Alter (published in three parts, 1777, 1789, and 1817),' a curious work, containing many profound thoughts, and mark- ed by an eccentric religious and moral enthusi- asm. He wrote several allegorical and mystical tales, as the Geschichte des Herrn von Morgen- thau (1779), Geschichte Florentine von Fahlen- dorn (1781), Leben der Theodore von Linden (1783), Das Heimweh (1794), and Theobald, oder der Schwarmer (1797). In his autobiog-
