732 KAFFRARIA KAHLENBERG in the middle of the 17th century, it had a population of 80,000, and 400 ships were to be seen in its harbor. It was taken by the Rus- sians in 1770, and was ceded to them by the Kaffa. treaty of Jassy in 1792. Recently the place has obtained considerable importance for its sea bathing, and it is a favorite resort of the higher classes of Simferopol. KAFFRARIA, or Kafirland. See CAFFRARIA. k UIKISTAV a country of central Asia, lying between lat. 35 and 36 K, and Ion. 69 20' and 71 20' E., bounded K by Badakhshan, E. by Ohitral, and S. and W. by Cabool ; area, about 7,000 sq. m. ; pop. unknown. The sur- face is very rugged, and the climate exhibits great extremes of temperature. In the north the snow-crested spurs of the Hindoo Koosh range divide the country into narrow valleys and rocky chasms, which form the beds of tor- rents ; but in the south it is more level. There are no roads but narrow foot paths, and the two passes through the mountains into Ba- dakhshan are open only during the summer months. This wild and almost inaccessible region derives its name from the epithet Tea- fin or infidels applied by the surrounding Mo- hammedans to its people. They assert that they are descendants of the troops of Alexander the Great, and differ in features, customs, and creed from the neighboring tribes. They are fair in complexion, blue-eyed, of regular fea- tures, intelligent, social, kind, and hospitable. They believe in one God, but worship various intercessory idols. Their language is a dialect of the Persian. Domestic slavery is practised, the slaves being sometimes those taken in feuds with hostile tribes and sometimes orphans of their own tribe. In the working of metals, which abound in their mountains, they exhibit much skill, and their silver drinking cups are often of elaborate and tasteful designs. They are almost continually at war with their Moham- medan neighbors, who make annual incursions into their territory for slaves. Their weapons are bows and barbed arrows, which are some- times poisoned, and for close conflict daggers and knives ; but they have recently begun to use firearms. Their prin- cipal occupation is the raising of cattle and sheep, of which large herds are fed on the hills. In the valleys are raised wheat and mil- let, and various kinds of fruit, particularly grapes. They make ex- cellent wine, and both sexes indulge in it to excess. Their favorite amusement is dancing to the music of the pipe and tabor. It is not known that they have any regular government, nor have they any gen- eral name for their na- tion ; but they are di- vided into tribes, each with its separate name, and all matters affect- ing the common welfare are settled by con- sultation among the chief men. They are sometimes distinguished as 'black Kafirs and white Kafirs, from peculiarities in their cos- tume, the former being clad in black goat skins with the hair outside, the latter wearing a dress of white cotton. KAGOSHIMA, or Kagosima, a town of Japan, in the 8. part of the island of Kiushiu, renown- ed for its landlocked harbor, 40 m. long and from 10 to 12 m. wide at the upper part, and about 5 m. at the entrance. Kagoshima is the capital of the feudal prince Satsuma, and it was bombarded in 1863 by the English, to whom reparation had been denied for the murder of Mr. Richardson, a British subject. Three of Satsuma's steamers were sunk during the engagement, and much damage was inflict- ed upon the town before the prince submitted to pay an indemnity of 25,000, and to exe- cute the murderers. The fortifications have since been repaired, and the manufactory of arms and munitions has been restored. KiHLENBERG, a mountain of Austria, on the Danube, between Vienna and Klosterneuburg, consisting of the Kahlenberg proper, or Josephs- berg, and the Leopoldsberg, and rising to a height of about 1,000 ft. above the river. It is also known as the Wiener Wald, and is the most N. E. continuation of the Noric Alps. On the Leopoldsberg is a ruined castle, with a church where Charles of Lorraine, Sobieski, and other warriors prayed for success in the battle against the Turks, in September, 1683. At the foot of the same mountain, 6 m. above Vienna, is the Kahlenberger Diirfel, associated with the humorous priest Wigand (der P/affe
