KANABEC KANE 741 but the thermometer has been known to fall as low as 25. Earthquakes are frequent and violent. Animal life is very abundant, and until recently the inhabitants supported them- selves wholly on the products of the chase ; but since the game has diminished they find plenty of aliment in fish, which swarm in the seas and rivers. The wild animals yet abun- dant in the more sequestered localities are bears, wolves, reindeer, argalis or wild sheep, black, red, and gray foxes, ermines, sables, and otters. Wild fowl are very numerous. The principal varieties of fish are herrings, cod, and salmon. Whales are often seen in the adjacent seas. The mountains are covered with forests of birch, larch, pine, and cedar, of considerable size in the south, but diminishing northward until the northernmost portion of the territory is cov- ered only with reindeer moss. The Kamtchat- dales, the principal native tribe, are of diminu- tive stature, but stout, with flat features, small eyes, thin lips, lank black hair, and scarcely any beard. They are a peaceable, honest, lazy, and intemperate race. In winter they live in sunken huts, in summer in huts raised on poles some 13 ft. from the ground. Their dress is equally adapted to the changes of temperature, being of fur in winter and nankeen in summer. They are nominally governed by their own toions or chiefs, under the jurisdiction of the Russian ispravnik, or chief commissary. Dog trains are used as the means of transport. The other principal tribe are the Koriaks, who live north of lat. 58. While the Kamtchatdales are hunters and fishermen, with fixed habitations, the Koriaks are a wandering tribe, subsisting on the produce of the reindeer, and differing from them in language and mode of life. The com- merce of Kamtchatka is chiefly with Okhotsk. Its exports are furs, oil, &c. Its imports are flour, sugar, dry goods, whiskey, rice, and cof- fee, almost all passing through the port of Pe- tropavlovsk, the capital, on Avatcha bay. The other ports are Bolsheretsk, on the W. coast, and Lower Kamtchatka, on Kamtchatka river, with 220 inhabitants. Kamtchatka is one of the principal places of deportation in the Rus- sian empire. See Kennan, " Tent Life in Sibe- ria" (New York, 1870), and Bush, "Reindeer, Dogs, and Snow Shoes" (New York, 1872). KANABEC, an E. county of Minnesota, drained by Snake river, a branch of the St. Croix ; area, 540 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 93. The surface is uneven and partly covered with forests. Capi- tal, Brunswick. KANACAWA, a town of Japan, on the W. side of a harbor in the bay of Yedo, and 16m. S. 8. W. of Tokio (Yedo) ; pop. about 4,000. In the town and vicinity are several famous tem- ples and remains of old fortifications. Its for- mer military, ecclesiastical, and strategic im- portance arose from the fact of its situation at the point where the great highway of Japan, the Tokaido (East Sea road), strikes the bay of Yedo. Along this road the daimios, or ter- ritorial nobles, and the envoys of the mikado made their official journeys to and from Yedo, prior to 1868. Kanagawa was to have been opened as a treaty port, July 1, 1859 ; but the shogun's officials, not wishing to have foreign- ers live on the Tokaido, chose Yokohama, and had jetties, custom houses, storehouses, &c., already built when the foreign merchants and diplomats arrived. A few missionaries, consuls, and merchants lived for a short time at Kanagawa, but finally the entire foreign settlement was made at Yokohama. Hence arose the official fiction that the consulates of the treaty powers are at Kanagawa. Kanagawa gives its name to the ken or prefecture which includes the country round Yokohama, the 25- mile circuit in which foreigners are allowed to travel. Like many Japanese towns, Kanagawa consists chiefly of one long street. It has a fort, military barracks, and telegraph and rail- way station. A causeway connects it with Yokohama, It has lost its former importance. k A YAM HA, a S. W. county of West Virginia, intersected by the Great Kanawha and drained by Elk, Coal, and Pocatalico rivers ; area, about 1,100 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 22,349, of whom 2,184 were colored. The surface is mountain- ous, and the uplands are mostly covered with timber. The valleys are fertile. It is traversed by the Chesapeake and Ohio railroad. The chief productions in 1870 were 46,000 bushels of wheat, 406,826 of Indian corn, 96,268 of oats, 44,300 of Irish and 7,905 of sweet pota- toes, 412,469 Ibs. of tobacco, 20,457 of wool, 163,142 of butter, and 2,840 tons of hay. There were 2,426 horses, 3,400 milch cows, 1,078 working oxen, 4,011 other cattle, 9,879 sheep, and 15,714 swine ; 4 manufactories of saddlery and harness, 9 of salt, 1 of woollen goods, 1 of iron castings, 39 of cooperage, 3 of flour mills, and 11 saw mills. Capital, Charleston, which is also the capital of the state. KANAWHA RIVER. See GREAT KANAWHA. KANDIYOHI, a S. W. central county of Min- nesota; area, 864 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 4,921. Since the census the former county of Monon- galia has been united with it. The statistics are for the county as at present constituted. The surface, which is dotted with numerous small lakes, is undulating or level ; the soil is productive. The St. Paul and Pacific railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 97,315 bushels of wheat, 5,418 of Indian corn, 56,831 of oats, 27,744 of potatoes, 93,030 of butter, and 14,032 tons of hay. There were 788 horses, 1,864 milch cows, 2,924 other cattle, 3,210 sheep, and 821 swine. Capital, Kandiyohi. KANE. I. A N. E. county of Illinois, drained by Fox river; area, 540 sq. m., pop. in 1870, 39,091. The surface consists chiefly of rolling prairie, diversified by numerous small tracts of timber. The soil is fertile and rests on a bed of limestone. The Chicago and Northwestern, the Chicago and Iowa, and the Chicago, Bur- lington, and Quincy railroads pass through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 189,151
