KANSAS 747 287 in Pennsylvania. Of the foreigners, 5,324 were natives of British America, 6,161 of Eng- land, 10,940 of Ireland, 1,274 of France, 12,- 774 of Germany, 4,954 of Sweden, and 1,328 of Switzerland. The density of population was 4'48 persons to a square mile. There were State Seal 72,493 families, with an average of 5'03 per- sons to each, and 71,071 dwellings, with an average of 5-13 persons to each. In the S. W. part of. the state is a settlement of Mennonites. The increase of population from 1860 to 1870 was 239'9 per cent., a much larger gain during that period than is shown in any other state ; the relative rank rose from 33 to 29. The number of male citizens 21 years old and up- ward was 99,069. There were in the state 108,- 710 persons from 5 to 18 years of age, and 95,- 002 males from 18 to 45. The total number attending school was 63,183 ; 16,369 persons 10 years of age and over were unable to read, and 24,550 could not write. Of the 105,680 male adults in the state, 8,894, or 8'42 per cent., were illiterate ; and of the 69,645 female adults. 9,195, or 13'2 per cent., were illiterate. The number of paupers supported during the year ending June 1, 1870, was 361, at a cost of $46,- 475. Of the total number (336) receiving sup- port June 1, 1870, 190 were natives and 146 foreigners. The number of persons convict- ed of crime during the year was 151. Of the total number (329) in prison June 1, 1870, 262 were of native and 67 of foreign birth. The state contained 128 blind, 121 deaf and dumb, 131 insane, and 109 idiotic. Of the total popu- lation 10 years of age and over (258,051), there were engaged in all occupations 123,852 per- sons; in agriculture, 73,228, including 21,714 agricultural laborers and 50,820 farmers and planters; in professional and personal services, 20,736, of whom 538 were clergymen, 4,481 domestic servants, 72 journalists, 7,871 laborers not specified, 682 lawyers, 906 physicians and surgeons, and 6,012 teachers not specified ; in trade and transportation, 11,762; in manufac- tures and mechanical and mining industries, 18,126, including 4,138 blacksmiths, 625 boot and shoe makers, 5,064 carpenters, and 1,466 brick and stone masons. The total number of deaths returned by the census of 1870 was 4,596; there were 413 deaths from consump- tion, or one death from that disease to 11 from all causes; 599 from pneumonia, 354 from scarlet fever, 240 from intermittent and remit- tent fevers, and 204 from enteric fever. The Indians remaining in Kansas, not enumerated in the census of 1870, are the Kickapoos, 290 in number, on a reservation of 19,200 acres in the N. E. part of the state ; the prairie band of the Pottawattamies, about 400, on a reserva- tion of 77,357 acres 14 m. N. of Topeka; and about 66 Chippewas and Munsees, who own 5,760 acres of land about 35 m. S. of Lawrence. The general surface of Kansas is an undu- lating plateau, which gently slopes from the western border, where the altitude above the sea is about 3,500 ft., to the eastern line, which is elevated about 750 ft. above the sea at the mouth of Kansas river. The river bottoms are generally from one fourth of a mile to 3 m. wide, but toward the western part of the state, on the Arkansas and Republican rivers, they are from 2 to 10 m. wide. Back from the bottom lands, bluffs rise to a height of from 50 to 300 ft., with a slope of 20 to 80. From the summits of these bluffs may be seen a suc- cession of rolls, or upland prairies, whose tops are from a quarter of a mile to a mile apart, and from 20 to 80 ft. above the intervening valley. The general inclination of the ridges is N. and S. There is no portion of the state which is flat or monotonous. The surface of eastern Kansas is chiefly undulating, and presents a succession of rich prairies, grass- covered hills, and fertile valleys, with an abundance of timber on the streams. The western half is not so diversified in its scenery, but it has a rolling and varied surface, with every requisite for a fine grazing country. Kansas is well supplied with rivers. On the E. border of the state the navigable Missouri presents a water front of nearly 150 m. The Kansas is formed by the confluence of the Re- publican and Smoky Hill rivers near Junction City, whence it flows in anE. course about 150 m. to the Missouri near Kansas City. It is not navigable, though steamboats have ascended to Junction City on the Smoky Hill. The latter has its source near the Rocky mountains in Colorado ; it receives from the north in Kan- sas the Saline river, about 200 m. long, and the Solomon, 300 m. The Republican river rises in Colorado, and after flowing through N. W. Kansas into Nebraska, enters Kansas again about 150 m. W. of the E. border of the state ; it is more than 400 m. long from its source. The Kansas receives from the north the Big Blue river, which rises in Nebraska and is about 125 m. long, and the Grasshopper, about 75 m. ; on the south, it receives near Lawrence the Wakarusa, which is nearly 50 m. long. About two thirds of the state lies S. of the Kansas and Smoky Hill rivers, and is there-
