766 KANT KAPP of it at Copenhagen, 1796-'8. It was also taught in Hungary and Poland. In Italy it was criticised by Galuppi in 1819, and later by both Rosmini and Gioberti. Montovani published in 1822 a Traduzione delta Critiea delta ragione pvra di Kant ; Testa, in 1843-'9, an Esame e discussione of the same ; Roggero, an analysis in his Storia delta filosofia da Car- tesio a Kant (1869) ; and Villa another, in his Kant e Rosmini (1869). Spaventa's Filosofia di Kant e ma relazione colla filosofia italia- na (1860) is also an able work. Charles Vil- lers published a valuable essay on Kant in French in 1801; Destutt do Tracy commented on his metaphysics before the academy; De Gerando in his " Comparative History " (1804), and Mme. de Stael in her " Germany " (1813), gave a fuller account of it. The best French account is in J. Willm's " History of German Philosophy " (4 vols., 1846-'9), a work crowned by the French academy ; the first volume and half of the second are taken up with the crit- ical philosophy. Charles de Remusat in 1847 wrote a valuable report on this " History " for the academy of moral and political sci- ences. Victor Cousin's analysis, which ap- peared in 1842 under the title Leyons de phi- losophie sur Kant, and since the fourth edition (1863) as Philosophic de Kant, has been trans- lated into English by Henderson (London, 1853 ; new ed., 1871). J. Tissot has translated into French the "Pure Reason" (2d ed., 1845), " Logic " (1840), " Metaphysics of Law " (2d ed., 1853) and "of Morals" (3d ed., 1854), the "Metaphysics," edited by Politz (1843), and "Anthropology" (1854). Trullard in 1841 gave a French version of " Religion within the Bounds of Reason;" Barni in 1846 of the "Criticism of the Judgment," and in 1848 of that of the " Practical Reason," besides a criti- cal examination of these works (1850 and 1851), and the " Metaphysical Elements of Law," with the " Project on Perpetual Peace " (1855). .Born published in Latin Kantii Opera (3 vols., Leipsic, 1796) ; Kunhardt, a Latin version of the " Prolegomena to every future System of Metaphysics" (Helmstedt, 1797); and G. L. Konig, Elemcnta Ethica (Gotha, 1800). The first English work on Kant was a "General and Introductory View," by Nitzsch (Lon- don, 1796). Others are: J. 8. Beck (trans- lated by an auditor), " Principles of the Criti- cal Philosophy" (London, 1798); Willich's " Elements of the Critical Philosophy " (Lon- don, 1798); "Kant's Essays and Treatises" (2 vols., 1798) ; Wirgman's "Principles of the Kantesian Philosophy " (1824) ; J. W. Semple, " Kant's Metaphysics of Ethics " (1837) ; John Richardson, "Metaphysical Works of Kant" (" Logic," " Prolegomena to Metaphysics," "Proofs of God's Existence," and "Theod- icy," 8vo, London, 1836; printed in 1819); an " Analysis of Kant's Critick of Pure Reason," by the translator of that work (8vo, London, 1844; the translation appeared in 1841). An- other and better version of the " Critique of the Pure Reason," by M. D. Meiklejohn, was published in Bohn's " Philosophical Library " (1855). An account of his system is given in J. D. Morell's " Historical and Critical View of the Speculative Philosophy of the Nineteenth Century " (last ed., 1850), with which may be compared Wirgman in the " Encyclopaedia Londinensis," and the article in the " Encyclo- psedia Britannica." Among recent German works may be mentioned Kuno Fischer's 1m- manuel Kant: Entwickelungsgeschichte mid System der Tcritischen Philosophic (Mannheim, 1800); Paul, Kant's Lehrewm idealen Chris- tus (Kiel, 1869); Grapengiesser, Kant's Lehre von Eaum und Zeit (Jena, 1870) ; Wolf, Die Hetaphysische Grundanschauung Kant's (Leip- sic, 1870) ; Zimmermann, Ueber Kant's mathe- matisches Vorurtheil (Vienna, 1871); Witte, Beitrage zur Verstandniss Kants (Berlin, 1874); and Holder, Darstellung der Kanti- sehen Erkenntnisstheorie, mil hesonderer Be- riiclaichtigung der verschiedenen Fassungen der transscendentalen Deduction der Katego- rien (Tubingen, 1874). An excellent collection of the most striking passages in Kant's works, designed for general readers, is Frauenstedt's Immanuel Kant : Lichtstrahlen aus seinen Wer- fcen, mit einer Biographie und Charakterixtik Kant's (Leipsic, 1872). Among general histo- ries of philosophy containing adequate accounts are those by Mirbt, Rosenkranz, Chalybaus, Ritter, Erdmann, and the more recent ones, TIeberweg's Orundrus der Geschichte der Phi- losophie (Berlin, 18C2-'6; Eng. translation, New York, 1871-'3), and Kirchner and Dull- ring's Kritische Geschichte der Philosophie (Berlin, 1869). The most recent works of special value to English students are Mahaffy's " Kant's Critical Philosophy for English Read- ers" (London, 1871 et seq.), Abbott's "Kant's Theory of Ethics, or Practical Philosophy" (London, 1873), and Monck's " Introduction to the Critical Philosophy" (Dublin, 1874). KAMKMIK. See CANTEMIR. KAOLIN. See CLAY. K U'MST, Vasill Vasllleviteh, a Russian poet, born in 1756, died Oct. 28, 1823. He was a councillor of state, and a member of the acad- emy of St. Petersburg ; translated Horace into Russian ; wrote in that language and in French ingenious though not profound criticisms of the Odyssey; and exposed official corruption in his comedy Yabedy (1799). His lyric po- ems appeared in 1806, and his tragedy " Anti- gone " in 1815. His granddaughter, the coun- tess Salias, has published stories under the name of Eugenia Tur (4 vols., Moscow, 1859). KAPP, Frledrltjh, a German author, born in Hamm, Westphalia, April 13, 1824. He studied law, and in consequence of the revolution of 1848 went in 1850 to New York, where he practised his profession, attached himself to the republican party, became a presidential elector in 1860, and subsequently was commis- sioner of emigration. He returned to Germany in 1870, and was elected in 1872 to the Ger-
