828 KIEL K1ENCHOW the kidneys are very long, extending the whole length of the spine, even to the head, formed of a mass of simple glohules, the ureter opening into the cloaca or a urinary bladder ; in reptiles they are generally situated within the pelvis, but in serpents they come further forward and are made up of numerous lobes of a compress- ed reniform shape. In birds they are elongated, commencing immediately below the lungs, ex-' tending on each side of the spine to the rectum, and variously divided into lobes. In mammals they resemble those of man, except that in ce- taceans and some other lower families they are more or less subdivided into lobes, as in the human foetus; in mammals only is there the marked distinction into cortical and tubular
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substance. In the fcetus at an early period, while the kidneys are very small and imperfect, their office is performed by the " Wolffian bodies," two organs analogous to them in structure, which afterward become atrophied and disappear. The two kidneys, which first make their appearance just behind the Wolffian bodies, grow rapidly as the latter diminish in size, and in the human subject have fully taken their place by the end of the second month of foetal life. In fishes, on the other hand, the Wolffian bodies remain as permanent organs, no true kidneys being developed. KIEL, a seaport of Prussia, in Holstein, capi- tal of the province of Schleswig-Holstein, and of a district of its own name (embracing Hol- Kiel. stein), situated on the Kieler Ilafen, a fine harbor of the Baltic, 52 m. N. by E. of Ham- burg; pop. in 1871, 31,747. It is walled, well built, contains the Glucksburg palace, four churches, and a university founded in 1665, with an observatory, a library of 140,000 vol- umes, a botanic garden, and 250 students. Kiel is important as the great harbor of the fleet of the German empire. The harbor is about 10 m. long and 1 m. wide, and is de- fended by several forts. The government is building extensive wharves and arsenals, which are to be completed in 1878. The naval acad- emy of Berlin was transferred in 1868 to Kiel, and a special school for deck officers and sub- engineers was connected with it. An academy for the instruction of naval officers is in the course of erection. It is proposed to connect the Baltic with the North sea by a new canal terminating in the harbor of Kiel. The Eider canal, which forms that connection at present, is not considered wide and deep enough for the purposes of the German navy, and is for technical reasons not fit to be enlarged. There are numerous sugar, soap, and woollen fac- tories, large iron f ounderies, machine shops, and ship yards. An extensive trade is carried on with all the important towns on the Baltic. There are railways to Hamburg and Neustadt. Kiel was a town in the llth century, and sub- sequently belonged to the Hanseatic league. A treaty of peace between Denmark and Sweden was concluded here in 1814. An insurrection in favor of the independence of Schleswig- Holstein took place, and a provisional govern- ment was formed, March 24, 1848. By the convention of Gastein, Aug. 14, 1865, Kiel, unlike the rest of Holstein, was to be held by Prussia as a German federal harbor. KIELCE. I. A government of European Rus- sia, in the kingdom of Poland, bordering on the governments of Piotrkow and Eadom, and on Austrian Galicia; area, 3,623 sq. m. ; pop. in 1867, 470,300. It is slightly mountainous in the north, where it is traversed by offshoots of the Lysa Gora, and hilly in the east and south. It has mines of iron and other metals, and produces rye, wheat, and fruits. It is wa- tered by the Vistula, which separates it from Galicia, by its affluent the Nida, and by the Pilica, which partly separates it from Piotrkow. Hi A city, capital of the government, 96 m. S. W. of Warsaw ; pop. in 1867, 7,295. It is the seat of a Catholic bishop, has several churches, a monastery, an episcopal seminary, a gymnasium, a mining school, and in its en- virons iron, copper, lead, and coal mines. KIEMHOW, or Kinngehow, a city of China, capital of the island of Hainan, off the S. coast of the province of Kwangtung, on a narrow
