116 COLUMBIA pagne and Brie clergy, nobility, and people flocked around him, his journey to Metz be- coming one unbroken series of preachings, con- versions, and foundations. He resolved on his way to Italy to convert the Ehine provinces of Austrasia. Embarking below Mentz, he as- cended the river, landing and preaching on his way, and finally established himself at Bre- genz, on the lake of Constance. The Ale- manni and Suevi, who held all eastern Helvetia, were worshippers of Wodin, violent and cruel in their disposition. A monastery was built, and for three years Columbanus labored to make the idolaters give up their gods. At length his protector Theodebert fell into the hands of Brunehaut, who put him to death, and compelled Columbanus to fly. His disciple Gall remained behind to found the great mo- nastic school which bears his name. Colum- banus, crossing by the St. Gothard pass, arrived in Lombardy, where he immediately com- menced preaching against the Arian heresy. King Agilulf bestowed upon him the territory of Bobbio on the banks of the Trebbia, where he set about erecting a church and monastery. Clotaire II., having vanquished Thierry and Brunehaut, sent a deputation to Bobbio pressing Columbanus to return to Gaul, but in vain. Wishing to withdraw from all human inter- course some time before his death, Columbanus hid himself in a cavern in the Apennines, re- turning to the monastery only on Sundays and holidays. The excessive bodily punishment imposed on offenders by his rule, with other imperfections, soon caused it to be superseded in all hjs monasteries by the rule of St. Bene- dict. His Regula Ganobitalis cum Pcsnitentia- li is contained in the Codex Regularum, with the notes of the Benedictine Hugues Menard (Paris, 1638). The collection of his works was published by Sirin, with the notes of Fleming (fol., Louvain 1667) ; also a Latin poem in vol. ii. of Sirmond's CEuvres diverses. A life of St. Columbanus and his disciples At- talus and Bertulfus was written in Latin hex- ameters in the 10th century by Flodoart, canon of Rheims. See also A. Gianelli, Vita di S. Colombano (Turin, 1844) ; and Montalembert's " Monks of the West." COLUMBIA, the name of seven counties in the United States. I. An E. S. E. county of New York, bounded E. by Massachusetts, and W. by the Hudson river ; area, 620 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 47,044. In the E. part the surface is hilly, but in the W. and central portions it is generally level. The soil is fertile and highly cultivated. Iron, lead, limestone, slate, and marble are obtained in various places, and at New Lebanon are warm springs which are much resorted to. It is traversed by the Hud- son River, the Harlem, the Boston and Albany, and the Hudson and Boston railroads. The chief productions in 1870 were 3,932 bushels of wheat, 426,408 of rye, 336,281 of Indian corn, 942,307 of oats, 108,971 of buckwheat, 678,480 of potatoes, 112,878 tons of hay, 1,227,- 274 Ibs. of butter, 233,196 of wool, and 58,199 of hops. There were 9,101 horses, 14,030 milch cows, 11,704 other cattle, 53,798 sheep, and 8,865 swine ; 13 manufactories of cotton goods, 2 of drugs and chemicals, 7 of hosiery, 3 of pig iron, 7 of iron castings, 20 of paper, 2 of woollen goods, 3 breweries, 32 flour mills, 44 manufactories of carriages and wagons, 9 of agricultural implements, 8. of bricks, 10 of ma- chinery, 19 of saddlery and harness, 17 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, 8 of cigars, and 6 saw mills. Capital, Hudson. lit An E. county of Pennsylvania, intersected by the N. branch of the Susquehanna, and drained by Catawis- sa and Fishing creeks ; area, 375 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 28,766. Knob mountain, Catawissa mountain, and the Muncy hills, which traverse the county, are branches of the Alleghany range, and are wholly unproductive. The val- leys lying between them are very fertile, and some of the uplands are also fit for cultivation. Limestone and iron ore are found in great abundance. The North Branch canal, and the Catawissa and the Lackawanna and Blooms- burg railroads traverse the county. The chief productions in 1870 were 240,759 bushels of wheat, 50,616 of rye, 589,472 of Indian corn, 406,031 of oats, 82,676 of buckwheat, 182,124 of potatoes, 22,132 tons of hay, 468,398 Ibs. of butter, and 22,337 of wool. There were 4,718 horses, 5,615 milch cows, 4,718 other cattle, 6,823 sheep, and 11,911 swine; 4 flour mills, 3 planing mills, 2 manufactories of machinery, 1 of cars, 2 of pig iron, 8 of iron castings, 19 of carriages and wagons, 9 of lime, 4 of woollen goods, 7 saw mills, and 12 tanneries. Capital, Bloomsburg. III. An E. county of Georgia, separated from South Carolina by the Savannah river, bounded N. W. by Little river, and trav- ersed by the Georgia railroad; area, 500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 13,529, of whom 9,449 were colored. It has an uneven surface, and a soil once fertile but impaired by improper tillage. . A gold mine near Little river has been worked. The chief productions in 1870 were 8,699 bushels of wheat, 121,160 of Indian corn, 11,- 864 of oats, 15,092 of sweet potatoes, 46,311 Ibs. of butter, and 7,434 bales of cotton. There were 910 horses, 1,219 mules and asses, 2,058 milch cows, 3,858 other cattle, and 7,997 swine. Capital, Appling. IV. A N. E. county of Florida, bordering on Georgia, bounded S. by the Santa Fe and N. W. by the Suwannee river; area, 864 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 7,335, of whom 3,228 were colored. The surface is level, and the soil light and sandy. Pine forests cover a considerable part of the county. The Jacksonville, Pensacola, and Mobile railroad passes through it. The chief productions in 1870 were 103,317 bushels of Indian corn, 24,- 798 of oats, 32,316 of sweet potatoes, 15,526 gallons of molasses, and 1,264 bales of cotton. There were 733 horses, 3,562 milch cows, 7,168 other cattle, 1,654 sheep, and 8,957 swine. Capital, Lake City. V. AS. W. county of Arkansas, bordering on Louisiana, watered by
