CKANWORTH CRASSUS 461 eral works, all of which have perished. Most of his writings related to ethical or metaphysi- cal subjects. One of his most celebrated pro- ductions was a treatise " On Grief" (Hepi Tlsv- dovs), of which Cicero made liberal use in his "Tusculan Questions," and in the Comolatio, composed by him on the death of his daughter. CRANWORTH, Robert Monsey Rolfe, baron, lord chancellor of England, born at Cranworth in .Norfolk, Dec. 18, 1790, died in London, July 24, 1868. He was educated at Cambridge university, and in 1816 was called to the bar. From 1832 to 1839 he was member of parlia- ment for Penryn. In 1834 he was appointed solicitor general, and again in 1835, retaining the office till 1839, when he was made one of the barons of the exchequer. In 1850 he was appointed vice chancellor and raised to the peerage as Baron Cranworth, and in 1851 be- came lord justice of appeal in chancery. In December, 1852, he was appointed lord chan- cellor, and held the great seal until the forma- tion of the Derby ministry in 1858, when he retired. In 1865-'6.he again held the office of chancellor under Lord.Palmerston. CRANZ, David, a German missionary and his- torian, born in Pomerania in 1723, died at Gnadenfrei, Silesia, June 6, 1777. He became in 1747 secretary to Count Zinzendorf, entered a community of Moravians, went in 1761 as missionary to Greenland, and after his return in 1766 was successively pastor at Rixdorf and at Gnadenfrei. He wrote Historie von Gron- land (Barby, 1765 ; 2d ed., with additions, 1770), and Bruder- Historic, or history of the Moravian Brethren (1771 ; continued by Heg- ner, 1791-1816). CRAPE (Fr. crepe, from Lat. crispus, crisp), a delicate transparent fabric, made of raw silk, used chiefly in mourning. Crapes are either crisped or smooth. The crisped which are double require that the silk should be spun harder than for the single, as the degree of twist regulates the crisping. In Europe crape was first made at Bologna. In France crapes are mainly produced at Lyons, where the manufacture was introduced about the middle of the 17th century. In England they are manufactured at Norwich and Yarmouth. China crape, a quite different fabric, for a long time baffled all attempts at imitation, but the process of manufacture was at last discovered by M. Dugas of St. Chamond, France. CRASH VV, Richard, an English poet and di- vine, born in London, died in Loretto, Italy, about 1650. The son of an Anglican clergy- man, he was educated at the Charterhouse, London, and Pembroke hall, Cambridge, where he graduated in 1633, and became fellow of Peterhouse in 1637. In 1634 he published anonymously at Cambridge a volume of Latin poems under the title of Epigrammata Sacra, in which occurs the celebrated verse on the miracle at Cana : Lympha pudica D&am mdit et erubuit. (The modest water saw ita God and blushed.) The English verse (which often has "conscious" instead of "modest") has been attributed also to Milton and Dryden. Crashaw was after- ward admitted to holy orders, and lived for several years in St. Mary's church, near his college, occupied with religious offices, and with composing devotional poems, and was noted as an eloquent preacher. In 1644, for refusing to accept the covenant, he was ejected from his fellowship, and removed to Paris, where he became a Roman Catholic. Cowley sought him there in 1646, and finding him in great poverty obtained for him the favor of Queen Henrietta Maria, who gave him letters of recommendation to dignitaries of the church in Italy. He went to Rome, and became suc- cessively secretary to one of the cardinals, and a canon in the church of Loretto. His English poems, entitled " Steps to the Temple, Sacred Poems, with other Delights of the Muses," were published in London in 1646. A post- humous volume appeared at Paris in 1652 under the title Carmen Deo nostro. Several of his pieces are admirable translations from Latin and Italian. His poems are remarkable for the beauty, force, and passion with which they treat religious subjects. He has also left some miscellaneous poems of great beauty. One of the finest of Cowley's compositions is a monody on his death. Editions of his collected works appeared in 1670 and 1785. His com- plete works, edited by W. B. Turnbull, were published in London in 1858. CRASSIIS. I. Locins Lieinins, a Roman orator, born in 140 B. 0., died in 91. He was edu- cated with great care for the forum, entered into political life at a very early age, and when only 21 distinguished himself by the successful prosecution of C. Carbo on a criminal charge, the nature of which is unknown. Carbo escaped conviction by suicide. Crassus now engaged in several other important suits, and pursued his forensic career with great success. In 114 he met with almost his first defeat, in failing to secure the acquittal of his relative Licinia, a vestal, who was accused of un- natural crimes. Soon after this he was ap- pointed quaestor, and he afterward filled suc- cessively all the Roman offices, Q. Mucius Scasvola being always his colleague except in the tribunate of the people and the censor- ship. During the years when he was not in office he continued to distinguish himself in the forum. As quaestor he seems to have had Asia as his province, and on his return from it he visited Athens. As curule aedile (103) he gave magnificent games for the people. As con- sul (95) he contributed to the enacting of a law expelling all allies, not citizens of Rome, from the city, which rigorous measure was one of the sources of the social war. Sent as pro- consul to the province of Cisalpine Gaul, his administration was distinguished for strict justice. While censor in 92 he caused the schools of the Latin rhetoricians to be closed, as pernicious to the morals of the people.
