DAL ELF DALLAS 643 nearly with the present Ian of Fahlun or Kop- parberg. The word Dalecarlia was formed from Dalkaii (valley man), the inhabitants be- ing so called from the Dal Elf (Valley river), which flows through the district. They are noted for honesty, courage, and hospitality. It was among the mountains of Dalecarlia that Gustavus Vasa took refuge from the Danish king Christian II., and by the aid of the Dale- carlians he was first enabled to make head against Denmark in 1521. The brother of the present king of Sweden bears the title of duke of Dalecarlia. DAL ELF, a river of Sweden, formed by the union of the Oster and Wester Dal Elf. The former rises in the N". "W. corner of the Ian of Kopparberg, near Norway, and flows S. E., forming in its course Lake Siljan. Part of the course of the Wester Dal Elf is nearly parallel with that of the eastern branch. After their junction, W. of the town of Fahlun, the Dal Elf flows first S. E., and then widening into a succession of lakes flows N. E. to the gulf of Bothnia. It is only navigable by rafts, except near its mouth. DALGARNO, George, a British philologist, born in Aberdeen about 1627, died in Oxford, Aug. 28, 168T. He was educated in the university of Aberdeen, and for about 30 years taught a grammar school at Oxford. In 1661 he pub- lished ATS Signorum, vulgo Character Univer- salis et Lingua Philosophica ; but the work by which he is best known in modern times is his " Didascalocophus, or the Deaf and Dumb Man's Tutor," which appeared in 1680. It contains so fully the principles of deaf-mute instruction, though deduced from theory only, that it would not be seriously defective as a handbook at the present day. He was also the inventor of a two-handed alphabet, from which the one subsequently adopted in England for the use of deaf mutes was prob- ably derived. His works have been reprinted and presented to the Maitland club of Glasgow (1 vol. 4to, Edinburgh, 1834). DALHOUSIE, James Andrew Bronn Ramsay, mar- quis of, a British statesman, born at Dalhousie, near Edinburgh, Scotland, April 22, 1812, died there, Dec. 19, 1860. The earl of Dalhousie, his father, was general in the army, for a time governor of Canada, and commander of the forces in India from 1828 to 1832. The son was educated at Harrow and Oxford, entered the house of commons in 1837 as member for Haddingtonshire, and on the death of his father (March 21, 1838) took his seat in the house of lords. In 1843 Sir Eobert Peel made him vice president, and in 1845 president of the board of trade. On the accession of the whigs to of- fice in 1846, he was requested to retain his po- sition. In November, 1847, he went to India as Lord Hardinge's successor in the post of fovernor general, and entered upon his duties an. 12, 1848. The treaty concluded by Lord Hardinge with the Sikh chieftains having been broken by new risings, Lord Dalhousie invaded northwestern India, subjugated the Punjaub, and annexed it permanently to the British empire (1849). Under his administration also, in 1852, ^egu was annexed, and possession was obtained of Oude and several minor districts. Great improvements were effected in all de- partments of the government. The civil ser- vice was thrown open to competition, prison discipline was reformed, cheap and uniform postage was introduced, and numerous rail- ways, an extensive system of telegraphs, and the Ganges canal were constructed. The cli- mate having destroyed his health, Lord Dal- housie resigned in 1855, and was succeeded by Lord Canning. He was raised to the rank of marquis in 1849 ; appointed warden of the cinque ports on the death of the duke of Wel- lington in 1852 ; and rewarded in 1856 with a life pension of 5,000 by the East India com- pany, which he resigned, however, in favor of the sufferers from the sepoy rebellion of 1857. DALLAS, the name of five counties in the Uni- ted States. L A S. W. county of Alabama, intersected by Alabama river, which is joined within the county by the navigable river Oa- hawba and several smaller streams; area, about 890 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 40,705, of whom 32,152 were colored. It has an uneven surface and a highly productive soil, skilfully and extensively cultivated. The surface rock is rotten limestone. Good water was formerly scarce in many parts of the county, but the de- ficiency has been supplied by a number of ar- tesian wells, from 200 to 900 ft. in depth. The Selma and Gulf, the Selma, Eome, and Dalton, and the Alabama Central railroads cross it. The chief productions in 1870 were 436,701 bushels of Indian corn, 18,101 of oats, 35,968 of sweet potatoes, 63,122 Ibs. of butter, and 24,819 bales of cotton. There were 1,339 horses, 3,406 mules and asses, 2,784 milch cows, 4,511 other cattle, and 7,791 swine; 5 flour mills, 2 saw mills, 1 manufactory of sad- dlery and harness, 1 of tin, copper, and sheet- iron ware, 1 of gas, and 2 of iron castings. Capital, Cahawba. II. A K E. county of Tex- as, drained by the forks of Trinity river ; area, 900 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 13,314, of whom 2,109 were colored. Most of the land is fer- tile, well watered, and plentifully supplied with timber. The chief productions in 1870 were 60,762 bushels of wheat, 557,508 of Indian corn, 104,892 of oats, 25,541 of sweet potatoes, 86,795 Ibs. of butter, and 3,834 bales of cotton. There were 12,459 horses, 8,452 milch cows, 22,953 other cattle, 6,057 sheep, and 16,659 swine ; 2 saw mills, 1 manufactory of agricul- tural implements, 1 of tin, copper, and sheet-iron ware, and several flour mills. Capital, Dal- las. III. A S. central county of Arkansas, bounded E. by Saline river; area, about 700 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 5,707, of whom 1,751 were colored. A portion of this county has recently been added to Clarke county. The soil is generally productive, and the surface level or moderately uneven. The chief pro-
