422 FRANCIS himself up with his remaining forces in the citadel of Gaeta, which after a siege of a few weeks surrendered to Cialdini, Feb. 13, 1861, and Francis took refuge on a French frigate, landing at Civita Vecchia. His dominions were merged in the kingdom of Italy, and he afterward lived chiefly at Rome till it became the capital of that kingdom. FRANCIS, Convers, an American clergyman and author, born at West Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 9, 1795, died at Cambridge, April 7, 1863. He graduated at Harvard college in 1815, and after completing his studies at the divinity school became in 1819 minister of the Unitarian church at Watertown, Mass. In 1842 he was appointed Parkman professor of pulpit eloquence and the pastoral care in Har- vard university. He published a number of discourses and lectures, and wrote the lives of John Eliot and Sebastian Rale for " Sparks's " American Biography," and memoirs of Dr. John Allyn, Dr. Gamaliel Bradford, and Judge John Davis for the " Massachusetts Historical Collections." FRANCIS, John Wakefield, an American physi- cian and author, born in New York, Nov. 17, 1789, died there, Feb. 8, 1861. His father was a German, and his mother of Swiss descent. In his youth he was employed as a printer. Subsequently he entered an advanced class at Columbia college, and graduated A. B. in 1809, and M. D. at the college of physicians and sur- geons in 1811, this being the first degree con- ferred by the latter institution. He was a part- ner of Dr. Hosack, with whom he had studied medicine, until 1820. In 1813 he was ap- pointed lecturer on the institutes of medicine and materia medica at the college of physicians and surgeons, and soon afterward, the medical faculty of Columbia college having been con- solidated with that institution, he received the chair of materia medica in the united body. He would accept no fees for his first course, fearing lest some might be excluded from the lectures by the expense. In 1816 he went to Europe, and completed his studies under Abernethy, On his return to New York he was appointed professor of the institutes of medicine, and in 1817 of medical jurispru- dence. From 1819 he was professor of oo- stetrics, in addition to his other duties, until 1826, when the whole faculty resigned, and a majority of them founded the Rutgers medi- cal school, Dr. Francis filling the chair of ob- stetrics and forensic medicine four years, until the institution was closed by the legislature. Subsequently he devoted himself to practice and the pursuit of literature. In 1810, while yet a student, he prepared with Dr. Hosack the prospectus of the " American Medical and Philosophical Register." In 1822-'4 he was one of the editors of the " New York Medical and Physical Journal." He actively promoted the objects of the New York historical so- ciety, the woman's hospital, the state inebriate asylum, the cause of natural history, the typo- graphical guild, and the fine arts. He was the author of biographical sketches of many dis- tinguished men of his time, and articles in medical periodicals, and published the " Use of Mer.cury " (1811), " Cases of Morbid Anat- omy " (1814), "Febrile Contagion" (1816), " Notice of Thomas Eddy the Philanthropist " (1823), "Denman's Practice of Midwifery" (1825), " Letter on Cholera Asphyxia " (1832), " Observations on the Mineral Waters of Avon " (1834), the " Anatomy of Drunkenness " (1841), "A Memoir of Christopher Colles " (1855), and " Old New York, or Reminiscences of the past Sixty Years " (1857 ; republished, with a memoir of the author by H. T. Tuckerman, 1865). He was the first president of the New York academy of medicine in 1847. FRANCIS, Sir Philip, a British politician and pamphleteer, born in Dublin, Oct. 22, 1740, died in London, Dec. 22, 1818. He was the son of the Rev. Philip Francis, author of an elegant and popular translation of Horace, and also of several tragedies and some liberal polit- ical pamphlets. The son removed with his father to England in 1750, and was placed on the foundation of St. Paul's school, where he remained about three years. Here Woodfall, afterward the printer of the "Public Adver- tiser " and publisher of the " Letters of Ju- nius," was his fellow pupil. In 1756 he was ap- pointed to a place in the office of his father's pa- tron, Henry Fox, then secretary of state, which he continued to retain under the secretaryship of Mr. Pitt. In 1758 he went as private sec- retary to Gen. Bligh in an expedition against the French coast, and was present in a battle near Cherbourg. In 1760 he was secretary to the earl of Kinnoul, ambassador to Portugal, and on his return to England in 1763 received an appointment in the war office. Here he remained till March, 1772, when he resigned in consequence of a quarrel with Lord Barring- ton, the new secretary at war. The remainder of that year he passed in travelling through Flanders, Germany, Italy, and France. In June, 1773, soon after his return, he was ap- pointed one of the council of Bengal with a salary of 10,000. He went to India in the summer of 1774, and remained there till De- cember, 1780, when he resigned on account of a quarrel with Warren Hastings. This quarrel led to a duel, in which Francis was shot through the body. His active and somewhat austere disposition had brought him into constant op- position to Hastings, and for a time he con- trolled the majority in the council. Two of the members having died, Hastings obtained the mastery; and after their duel Francis. re- turned to England in disappointment and an- ger. To revenge himself upon Hastings seems to have been the ruling motive of his later life. In 1784 he became member of parliament for Yarmouth in the isle of Wight. He was a bold, severe, and frequent speaker, but he never became distinguished as an orator. His
