550 GAD GADFLY Belgian history, and in 1834 became secretary of the historical commission. He has most diligently explored the archives of Simancas in Spain, and others at home and abroad, and has published a great number of works and documents relating to the history of Belgium. Among the works edited by him are many vol- umes of correspondence of William the Silent, Charles V:, Philip II, the duke of Alva, Mar- garet of Parma, &c., on the affairs of the Low Countries ; official letters to the states general, and the acts of that body from 1576 to 1585 ; and Relations des troubles de Gand sous Charles F., par un anonyme, with 330 documents. In his work Jeanne la Folle (1869), he sets forth opinions opposed to those of Gustav Bergen- roth concerning the mother of Charles V. GAD (Heb., fortune), the seventh son of Ja- cob, elder son of Zilpah, Leah's maid, and whole 1 brother of Asher. Of his youth there is no ' record. At the descent into Egypt he had seven sons. The tribe of this name marched in the wilderness on the S. side of the taberna- cle, and numbered 45,650. At the entrance into Canaan Gad and Reuben had many flocks, and obtained permission to settle E. of the Jor- dan, where the territory of Gad was central between Eeuben on the south and Manasseh on the north, including the mountain district of southern Gilead and the lowland of the Jor- dan valley. The Gadites were restless half- nomads, and early extended over all Gilead; and later the names Gilead and Gad were used interchangeably. They were fierce and war- like, and some of them joined David during his outlawry. Among the famous members of the tribe were Jephtha and Barzillai, and probably the prophet Elijah. The isolation of the tribe, and perhaps the impulsive character of its peo- ple, weakened its influence in national affairs. Its territory was the battle field of Israel and Syria, and its population was carried away captive by Tiglath-pileser about 740 B. C. GADARA, an ancient city of Palestine, the capital of Peraea (the country beyond or E. of the Jordan), and one of the ten cities called the Decapolis. It was about 8 m. S. E. of Lake Tiberias, and gave its name to the canton or district known as Gadaritis or the country of the Gadarenes. In Matthew it is called the country of the Gergesenes, but this term, as well as the existence of the city of Gergesa, is supposed to have been invented by Origen in the endeavor to reconcile various readings, as no such city can be traced. Though now wholly in ruins, in the time of Josephus Ga- dara was an important city, strongly fortified, having a court of justice, and in its vicinity several famous hot baths and medicinal springs, reckoned by the Romans inferior only to those of Baiae. Among the remains of Gadara are tombs excavated in limestone rock, consisting of chambers about 20 ft. square, with recesses in the sides. The ruins of Um Keis reveal the splendor of ancient Gadara. It was captured by Vespasian, who reduced it to ashes. It be- came later the seat of a bishop, but was aban- doned after the Mohammedan conquest. GADDI. I. Gaddo, a Florentine artist, born in 1249, died in 1312. He was an excellent worker in mosaic, and is considered the found- er of the modern mosaic art. He also painted altarpieces. II. Taddeo, a painter, son of the preceding, born about 1300, died about 1360. His decorations of the Spanish chapel in the church of Santa Maria Novella at Florence, in competition with Memmi, are among the finest specimens of art produced in the 14th century. On one of the walls of this chapel are the re- puted portraits of Petrarch and Laura. Tad- deo was also distinguished as an architect. III. Angelo, son of the preceding, born about 1324, died about 1390. He was an imitator of his father and of Giotto, but did not improve in proportion to his abilities. He lived for many years in Venice, where he engaged in com- merce, and has been considered the founder of the Venetian school. GA DE, Mels Wilhelm, a Danish composer, born in Copenhagen, Feb. 22, 1817. He commenced the study of music at a comparatively advanced age, and in a few years became an accomplished performer on the violin and pianoforte, after which he devoted himself to composition. In 1841 his overture entitled "Echoes of Ossian" received the prize of the Copenhagen musical union, and secured to him a royal stipend to travel and study his art abroad. He passed several years in Germany and in Italy, and greatly increased his reputation by a symphony in minor. In 1844 he was appointed to suc- ceed Mendelssohn in the direction of the Ge- wandhaus concerts at Leipsic. In 1850, hav- ing received the appointment of royal chapel master to the king of Denmark, he returned to Copenhagen, where he now lives. Among his published works are seven symphonies, a number of overtures, sonatas, quintets, and ro- mances, Comala, a lyrical drama, "The Cru- saders," a religious cantata, and the Nibelun- gen, an opera. GADES. See CADIZ. GADFLY, a dipterous insect, belonging to the genus tabanus (Linn.), with three-jointed an- tennaa and wide-spreading wings. The gad- flies attack not only man, but cati|e, horses, camels, and various ruminating animals. The most common species in the United States is the T. atratus (Fabr.), of a black color, with a whitish bloom on the back, like that of a plum ; the eyes are very large, almost meeting at the top of the head, and of a shining purplish or bronze black color, with a jet-black band across the middle ; it is about an inch long, with an expanse of wings of nearly two inches. The orange-belted gadfly (T. cinctus, Fabr.) is smaller and less common, black, with the first three abdominal rings orange-colored. A small- er and very common species is the T. lineola (Fabr.), which has a whitish line along the top of the hind body. There are many other American species, described and undescribed.
