GAGARIN great desert, the "W. oasis of which, and per- haps some portions of the fertile belt on its N. margin and of the basin of the Niger, were in- habited by the Gsetuli. They were one of the two great aboriginal races of N. Africa, W. of Egypt, the other being the Libyans, and had for- merly dwelt on the coast of the Mediterranean, but were expelled by the Mauritanians and Nu- midians, and driven S. of Mt. Atlas. They were nomadic, warlike, and savage, living on milk and flesh, clothed with skins, and without regu- lar government. They were divided into sev- eral tribes, one of which, the Melanogaetuli, were nearly black from intermingling with the NigritsD on the south. In the Jugurthine war they served as cavalry against the Romans, but afterward a body of them joined the army of Marius ; and from this period to the close of the civil wars we frequently find them serving as auxiliaries with the legions. They were sometimes troublesome to the Romans, and in the reign of Augustus an army under the com- mand of Cornelius Cossus Lentulus had to be sent against them. The barbarians were van- quished, and the general obtained a triumph and the surname of Gsetulicus. The Gsetuli appear to have been the ancestors of the mod- ern Berbers. GAGARIN, the name of a princely Russian family, deriving its origin from the rulers of Starodub, having its seat in Moscow, and of which the most distinguished members are the following. I. Matfei Petrovitch, governor gene- ral of Siberia under Peter L, was executed in June, 1721, on the charge of having conspired to make himself sovereign of that province. 11. Alexander Ivanovitcli, a general officer in the Russian army, distinguished himself in the Cau- casus and the Crimea, and in 1857, while gov- ernor general of Kutais, was assassinated by the prince of Suanethi, which province he was endeavoring to annex to the empire. III. Pavel Pavlovitch, an influential statesman under Alex- ander II., was prominent as a member of the council of emancipation; from 1864 to 1869 presided over the council of ministers and that of the empire ; and subsequently he was asso- ciated in the latter office with the grand duke Constantine until his death in St. Petersburg, March 4, 1872. IV. John (I VAN), a Jesuit writer and missionary, born in Moscow, Aug. 1, 1814. Like most of the younger members of his fam- ily, he embraced a diplomatic career, and was secretary of the Russian embassy in Paris, when he joined the Roman Catholic com- munion, and entered the society of Jesus Aug. 12, 1843. After receiving holy orders, he was appointed professor of theology in the Jesuit seminary at Laval, and in 1857 founded con- jointly with Pere Charles Daniel a serial en- titled K 'tudes de theologie, de philosophic et d'his- at first published quarterly, then month- ly, and finally fortnightly. Father Gagarin spent several years in Constantinople, where he founded the society of St. Dionysius the Areopagite, which aims at reuniting the Greek GAIL 553 and Latin churches. He has published a large number of pamphlets, mainly relating to the history of the Graeco-Russian church and to its reunion with that of Rome, the most recent of which are Constitution et situation presente de toutes les Eglises de V Orient (Paris, 1865), and Le clerge russe (Brussels, 1871 ; English translation, London, 1872). GAGE, a S. E. county of Nebraska, bordering on Kansas, and intersected by Big Blue river ; area, about 900 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 3,359. The surface is diversified ; the soil fertile. The chief productions in 1870 were 129,233 bushels of wheat, 146,180 of Indian corn, 42,586 of oats, 20,122 of potatoes, and 5,316 tons of hay. There were 1,088 horses, 835 milch cows, 1,527 other cattle, 1,979 sheep, and 2,020 swine. Capital, Beatrice. GAGE, Thomas, the last royal governor of Massachusetts, born in England, died there in April, 1787. He was an active officer during the seven years' war, was appointed governor of Montreal in 1760, and succeeded Gen. Am- herst in 1763 in the chief command of the British forces in America. Being appointed to supersede Hutchinson as governor of Massa- chusetts, he arrived in Boston in May, 1774, while the people of that colony were preparing to resist the port act. Though personally es- teemed, he inspired the public with neither confidence nor fear. He was instructed to seize and punish Samuel Adams, Hancock, and Warren, but durst not even attempt their arrest. As precautionary measures he seized the pow- der in the public magazine in Charlestown (Sept. 1), and began to fortify Boston. He planned the expedition to Concord which re- sulted in the battle of Lexington (April 19, (1775), and on June 12 established martial law throughout Massachusetts, and proscribed Sam- uel Adams and John Hancock by name, offer- ing pardon to all other rebels who would re- turn to their allegiance. After the battle of Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775) Gage was super- seded by Gen. Howe, and sailed for England on the following Oct. 10. GAIL. I. Jean Baptist*, a French author, born in Paris, July 4, 1755, died there, Feb. 5, 1829. He acquired eminence as a Hellenist, and be- came in 1791 adjunct and in 1802 titular pro- fessor of Greek literature in the college de France. He gave for many years gratuitous instruction to a number of poor students whom he boarded and lodged in his house. He trans- lated and edited many Greek classics, and pub- lished Greek grammars. Among his numerous works are Le philologue (22 vols., 1814-'28), and Geographie d'Herodot (2 vols., 1823). II. the surgeon Garre, and married Gail in but soon separated from him and devoted her- self altogether to music, studying under M gozzi and giving concerts in southern * ranc and in Spain. On returning to Paris, she be-
