564 GALESVILLE GALICIA Iowa; pop. in I860, 4,953; in 1870, 10,158, of whom 3,136 were foreigners. It is surrounded by a rich farming region, and has an active trade. The machine shops and stock yards of the railroad company are situated here, and the city also contains three large founderies, a manufactory of agricultural implements, and two hotels. It is noted as the seat of Lombard university (Universalist), organized in 1857, which in 1871-'2 had 11 professors and in- structors, 165 students (32 collegiate), and a library of 3,300 volumes; and of Knox college (Congregational), organized in 1841, which had 15 professors and instructors, 329 students (63 collegiate), and a library of 6,200 volumes. Both institutions admit females. There were 27 public schools in 1872, including a high school, having 56 teachers and 2,821 pupils. The city library contains 6,500 volumes, and that of the young men's library association 4,000 volumes. There are three national banks, with $350,000 capital, a daily, a semi-weekly, and two weekly newspapers, a monthly period- ical (Swedish), and 15 churches, of which three are Swedish, one German, and two colored. GALESVILLE, a town and the capital of Trempealeau co., Wisconsin, situated on Bea- ver creek, about 6 m. from the Mississippi, and 120 m. 1ST. W. of Madison; pop. in 1870, 1,068. It is the seat of Galesville university (Method- ist), organized in 1855, which in 1872-' 3 had 5 professors, 145 students (35 collegiate and 110 preparatory), and a library of 4,500 vol- umes. The town was laid out in 1854 by the Hon. George Gale, who gave a considerable sum for the endowment of the university. GALHIA (Ger. Galizien, Pol. Galicya a crownland or province of the Cisleithan divi- sion of the Austro-Hungarian empire, now com- prising the kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, the duchy of Auschwitz (Oswiecim) and Zator, and the grand duchy of Cracow. It lies be- tween lat. 47 40' and 50 50' K, and Ion. 18 54' and 26 35' E., and is bounded N". by Eus- sian Poland, from which it is in part separated by the Vistula, E. by Eussia, S. by Bukowina and Hungary, being separated from the latter by the Carpathian ridge, and W. by Austrian and Prussian Silesia; area, 30,309 sq. m. ; pop. in December, 1872 (estimated), 5,629,361. Its S. part is occupied by the N. branches of the Carpathians, which in some parts rise to a height of 6,000 ft., and in some peaks above 8,000. The central region is hilly ; the north- ern belongs to the great Polish plain. From the Carpathians and their offshoots descend all the rivers which cross the country, flowing mostly in a N". and partly in a S. E. direction. Those flowing K, the Biala, Sola, Skawa, Ea- ba, Dunajec, Wisloka, San (which divides the country into two unequal parts), and the Bug, are tributaries of the Vistula ; the Pruth and the Dniester flow S. E., the former to the Dan- ube, the latter, with its affluents the Stry, Sered, and Podhorce, to the Black sea. There are some marshes in the 1ST. E. part of the plain, and numerous mountain lakes, called " eyes of . the sea," in the Carpathians, some at heights of 3,000 to 4,000 ft. The climate is healthy but cold, the country being exposed to the winds from the east and north, and closed against those from the south; the winters are long. The soil is varied, only the lower region, where loam and sand prevail, being productive, and in some places fertile ; the mountains are rocky and sterile, or wooded. Tobacco and all the common grains, fruits, and vegetables are raised. There are few vineyards, and these yield no wine. The pine prevails in the for- ests, but the oak and beach also grow to an imposing size. Honey and wax, potash and tar, are made in large quantities. The rivers are rich in various kinds of fish. The chief mineral productions are iron, which is found along the whole line of the Carpathians ; salt, mostly from the celebrated rock salt mines of Wieliczka and Bochnia in the vicinity of Cra- cow, and partly from saline springs in the eastern parts of the country; sulphur, pro- duced chiefly at Swosowice ; coal, in the terri- tory of Cracow ; and naphtha. Lead, copper, zinc, silver, and gold are also found. The in- habitants belong mostly to two Slavic tribes, the Poles and the Euthenians, the former pre- dominating in western (86 to 4 per cent.), the latter in eastern Galicia (67 to 20 per cent.), the remainder being Germans and Jews. In the whole country the Poles are about 43 and the Euthenians 45 per cent. The nobility are mostly of Polish descent, vivacious, warlike, and ardently attached to their nationality ; the peasants are hardy, rude, sluggish, and slavish ; the Jews, who are very numerous in the cities, of which they often form half the population, are distinguished by a peculiar half oriental dress, and an unpleasant German jargon. Edu- cation, agriculture, and industry are backward ; wealth is rare; excessive misery, especially among the Jews and mountaineers, is frequent. Distilleries abound in the villages, and stores and trading shops in the town quarters of the Jews, who before the revolution of 1848 were excluded by the government from both cities proper and villages. Manufactures are making considerable progress; the chief articles pro- duced are linen, woollens, paper, wooden uten- sils, tobacco, leather, imitation jewelry, sugar, potters' ware, and glass. Commerce is limited and carried on mostly by Jews, the chief com- mercial cities being Cracow, Brody, and Lem- berg, the capital. The chief exports are cattle and horses, grain, salt, timber, potash, skins and hides, and wool. Brody is an emporium for the transit trade with Eussia. The Eoman Catholics, about 2,600,000, have bishops at Przemysl, Tarnow, and Cracow, and an arch- bishop at Lemberg; the members of the Greek united church, about 2,350,000, mostly Euthenians, have an archbishop at Lemberg and a bishop at Przemysl ; the non-united Greeks, about 1,400, mostly Moldavians, belong tc the bishopric of Czernowitz in Bukowina; the
