GALLON GALLS 583 were added bitter persecutions from a portion of his flock ; but he still labored unweariedly for their temporal and spiritual welfare. He was repeatedly designated for the episcopal office, but declined in order to perfect his cher- ished work. In 1802 he became a naturalized citizen of the United States, under the name of Smith ; but in 1809 an act of the Pennsyl- vania legislature authorized him to resume his original name of Gallitzin. In 1808 he be- stowed on the hamlet springing up around his church the name of Loretto. Cambria county, which he had found a wilderness in 1799, he left at his death studded with thrifty settle- ments, one of which has since been named af- ter him. In 1850 his remains were placed in a vault in front of the church, and a monu- ment was erected over them ; and in 1873 measures were in progress to replace it with one more suitable. Controversial letters pub- lished by him occasionally in the local papers have been several times reprinted in pamphlets entitled "Defence of Catholic Principles," " Letter to a Protestant Friend," and " Appeal to the Protestant Public." His life has been written in German by his assistant Henry Lemke, and in English by Sarah M. Brown- son (New York, 1873). His mother's life was written by Katercamp. II* Elizabeth, a cousin of the preceding, born in 1796, died in St. James parish, La., Dec. 8, 1843. After becom- ing a member of the Roman Catholic church, she joined the society of the Sacred Heart in Rome, and in 1840 came to America to visit the houses of the order. In the same year she founded the first school of the Sacred Heart in Houston street, New York, and afterward a boarding school and novitiate at McSherry- town, Pa., and a house at Pottawattamie vil- lage, in the far west. GALLON, an old English measure of capacity, subdivided into 4 quarts, or 8 pints, or 32 gills. Formerly there were gallons of different ca- pacities, one for wine, another for ale or beer, and a third for grain and dry articles. The wine gallon, called also the standard gallon, con- tained 231 cubic inches, the ale gallon 282 cubic inches, and the corn gallon 268-8 cubic inches. In 1824 the imperial gallon was established by the British parliament, by a statute which came into operation Jan. 1, 1826 ; its capacity was 10 Ibs. avoirdupois of distilled water, that weighed 252-458 grains to the cubic inch, thus making its contents 277*274 cubic inches =4-54346 litres. The gallon of the United States is the standard English wine gallon of 231 cubic inches, and contains 8-3388822 avoir- dupois Ibs. or 58,372-1754 troy grains of dis- tilled water at 39-83 F., the barometer being at 30 inches. It is equal to 3-785207 litres. The gallon of the state of New York was formerly of the capacity of 8 Ibs. of pure water at its maximum density, or 221-184 cubic inches; but it is now the same as the United States gallon. GALLOWAY, Joseph, an American loyalist, born in Maryland about 1730, died in England, Aug. 29, 1803. He was educated for the bar, and practised law successfully at Philadelphia. In 1764 he became a member of the Pennsyl- vania assembly, and joined Dr. Franklin in advocating the adoption of a royal government for the colony. In 1774 he was a delegate to the first congress, and proposed to settle the difficulties between the colonies and the mother country by vesting the government in a presi- dent general of the colonies, to be appointed by the king, and a council to be chosen by the seve- ral colonial assemblies ; the British parliament to have the power of revising the acts of the lat- ter body, which in its turn was to have a neg- ative on British statutes relating to the colonies. He abandoned the whigs after the question of independence had begun to be agitated, and thenceforth was known as a zealous tory. He remained with the British army in Philadel- phia and New Jersey till 1778, when he went with his daughter to England, where he passed the remainder of his life. Summoned in 1779 before a committee of the house of commons to testify on American affairs, he animadverted severely on the course of Gen. Howe and other British officers. A new edition of this "Ex- amination " was published in Philadelphia in 1855 by the " Council of the Seventy-Six So- ciety." His literary remains comprise a " Speech in answer to John Dickinson" (London and Philadelphia, 1764); " Candid Examination of the Mutual Claims of Great Britain and the Colonies" (New York, 1775); "Letters to a Nobleman" (1779); "Reply to Sir William Howe " (1780), &c. GALLS, or Nntgalls, excrescences growing on a species of small oak, quercus infectoria, inhabit- ing Asia Minor and the middle latitude of Asia. They originate from the puncture of a fly, Galls on the Quercus infectoria. which deposits its egg in the young boughs, the egg and afterward the fly being enclosed in the centre of the gall. The galls collected be- fore the egg is hatched are called blue, green, or black, and are the most valuable. The white galls, which are collected later, are in-
