GARNEAU GARNIER 625 called garden garlic, has long been cultivated as an ornamental plant. It bears an umbel of large golden yellow flowers about a foot high ; its treatment is the same as that of tulips and other spring-flowering bulbs. GARNEAU, Francois Xavier, a Canadian histo- rian, born in Quebec, June 15, 1809, died Feb. 3, 1866. He was admitted as a notary in 1830, and became clerk of the legislative as- sembly, member of the council of public in- struction, and city clerk of Quebec, holding the last named office from about 1845 till his death. His Histoire du Canada depuis sa de- comerte jusqu 1 a nos jours (3 vols. 8vo, Quebec, 1845-'6 ; 3d ed., 1859) has been translated into English. He also published a volume of travels in England and France. GARNET, the name of a mineral species, pre- senting many varieties ; also applied by Dana to designate a section of the silicates ; and in geology it is the name of a rock made up of some variety of the mineral. The garnet is supposed to have been sometimes included by the ancients in their names carbunculus and Jiyacinthus. In its more perfect forms it is a gem, and when cut and polished bears some resemblance to the ruby in color, transparency, and lustre. Some of the precious varieties are distinguished by the names Syrian and oriental, and also almandine, from Alabanda, the place where in the time of Pliny they were cut and polished. These and the black varieties also have been much used in Europe, strung to- gether like beads for necklaces. Those most esteemed in jewelry are obtained from Cey- lon, Pegu, and Greenland. A single crystal of only 8 lines by 6| has been sold for about $700. Its crystals are rhomboidal and trape- zoidal dodecahedrons and variously modified forms. Its hardness is from 6'5 to 7'5 ; specific gravity 3*15 to 4'3. It is met with of various colors, as red, brown, black, yellow, white, and green, and with a vitreous or resinous lustre. According to its composition it has been di- vided into six sub-species, all of which pass into one another by insensible shades of difference ; they are all silicates of different protoxides or peroxides; as: 1, the alumina-lime garnet, a silicate of alumina and lime, of which the cin- namon stone or essonite is an example ; 2, the alumina-magnesia garnet ; 3, the alurnina-iron garnet, a silicate of the protoxide of iron and lime, as almandine and a variety of the com- mon garnet ; 4, alumina-manganese garnet, called also manganesian garnet; 5, iron-lime trarnet, composed of silicates of the peroxide of iron and of lime, as the black garnet and a variety of the common garnet ; 6, lime-chrome _ T ;irnet, as the emerald-green ouvarouvite of Kussia. The silicic acid in these varies from U to 44 per cent. Their composition is repre- l by the general formula 3RO, R 2 O 3 , . in which RO represents either one of ,he protoxides that may be present, and RaOs ither the alumina (A1 2 3 ), or the peroxide of ron (Fe a 3 ), or of chrome (Cr 2 3 ). According to Odling, the formula is R 2 V 2 SiO 4 , in which R=Ca, Mg, Fe, or Mn, and V=Fe, Al, or Mn. Garnets are easily melted by the blowpipe ; and some varieties, as the melanite or black garnet found in the lavas of Vesuvius, appear to be a di- rect product of the fusion of their ingredients. The iron-lime garnets, of .which this is a variety, containing from 20 to 30 per cent, of peroxide of iron, and about the same proportion of lime, might be advantageously employed both as iron ore and flux in the manufacture of iron, mixed with other ores more rich in iron and deficient in silica. They frequently occur in the vicinity of iron ores, and in beds of great extent, forming a true garnet rock, and from their highly ferruginous appearance have in some instances been mistaken for iron ores. Crystals of garnet are common in the granite rocks and the metamorphic slates and lime- stones in almost all localities where these are found; but when most abundant and large, they are commonly rough and unsightly. In the gold region they abound in the slates, and in some instances where the rock that con- tained them has crumbled away they are left loose upon the surface, so that they might easily be shovelled up by cart loads. GARMER, Adolphe, a French eclectic philoso- pher, born in Paris, March 27, 1801, died in May, 1864. He aided Jouffroy in translating the works of Thomas Reid, was in 1827 ap- pointed professor of philosophy in the college at Versailles, and afterward promoted to a chair in Paris. He meanwhile published his Precis de psychologic, and a complete edition of the philosophical writings of Descartes. In 1838 he succeeded Jouffroy as lecturer on phi- losophy at the Sorbonne, and in the following year produced his Comparaison de la psycholo- gic et de la phrenologie. He published in 1850 a Traite de morale sociale, and in 1853 a Traite des facultes de Vdme, which won a prize from the French academy. His last work, De la morale dans V antiquite, was published in 1865, with an introduction by Pre>ost-Paradol. GARNIER, Charles Georges Thomas, a French author, born in Auxerre, Sept. 21, 1746, died there, Jan. 24, 1795. He was educated at the college of Plessis, and became an advocate, though the weakness of his voice did not per- mit him to speak in public. In 1770 he began to publish in the Mercure de France, under the nom de plume of " Mademoiselle Raigner de Malfontaine," dramatic proverbs, whose inge- nuity and sprightliness attracted the attention of the governess of the young princess de Conde, and Gamier was soon engaged to write proverbs to be acted for the special amusement of the princess at the abbey of Panthemont. In 1791 he was made commissaire du roi at Paris, and in 1793 was sent by the revolution- ary government to his native city as commis- sioner, which post he held till his death. Among his works are Nouveaux proverles dra- matiques (8vo, Paris, 1784), and various novels. He also collected and edited the Cabinet des
