64:6 GAUDEN GAUGING wall over the bed, serving as a cradle for the children, who are lashed to them ; a kettle in which to make the mate or Paraguayan tea, and a few cups with tin pipes through which it is sucked. Around the walls hang the bolas, lasso, and other hunting implements. In hot weather the hut is deserted night and day, as the owners sleep in the open air. Their food is chiefly composed of beef, which they roast in huge pieces. The gauchos are admirable horse- men, and are expert in the use of the bolas and lasso. (See BOLAS, and LASSO.) This dexterity is acquired only by uninterrupted practice al- most from infancy, the gaucho passing his life on horseback. Their occupations are breaking in wild horses, watching herds, and marking and slaughtering the animals. They are polite and hospitable, but indolent and vindictive, and addicted to gambling and intemperance. In Gauchos. fighting they endeavor to lash each other's faces; frightful scars are frequent, and the most trifling quarrels often result in loss of life. They are zealous Roman Catholics. As guides across the pampas, they are invaluable. The number of the gauchos as a distinct class is rapidly decreasing. The gauchos have played a very conspicuous part in the history of the South American struggles, and many of their chiefs, natural rivals of the more enlightened but less energetic and reckless popular leaders in the Atlantic cities, have achieved the highest honors in their respective republics; some of them, like Eosas, exercising their powers with unmitigated rigor. GAUDEN, John, an English prelate, born in Mayland, Essex, in 1605, died Sept. 20, 1662. Having preached an acceptable sermon before the parliament, he received from it the living of Bocking and other preferments. After the breaking out of the civil war he retained his preferments, submitted to the Presbyterian dis- cipline, omitted the liturgy from the church service, and subscribed to the covenant. Mean- while he secretly wrote a "Protestation" against the king's trial, a " Just Invective against those who murthered King Charles I.," and other similar papers. They were published after the restoration, when he declared him- self a royalist, and was appointed chaplain to Charles II., afterward bishop of Exeter, and in 1662 of Worcester. His death is said to have been hastened by his not getting the rich see of Winchester, on which he had set his heart. The "Ekwv Bacr^i/c^ : the Portraiture of his Sacred Majesty K. Charles I. in his Solitudes and Sufferings," which is attributed to him, was at first supposed to have been written by Charles himself, and went through 50 editions, at home and abroad, in a single year (1648-' 9). After carefully examining the evidence, Sir James Mackintosh came to the conclusion that Gauden was really the author of the book. GAUDICHAUD-BEAUPRE, Charles, a French bot- anist, born in Angouleme, Sept. 4, 1780, died in Paris, Jan. 26, 1854. In 1817 he accompanied, in the capacity of pharmaceutic botanist, the scientific expedition of Freycinet. His ves- sel, the Uranie, was wrecked upon the Falk- land islands in the spring of 1820, and of the 4,175 botanical specimens which he had collect- ed upward of 2,500 were lost. After his re- turn to France he prepared the botanical his- tory of the voyage. In 1830-'33 he took part in the expedition which explored the coast of South America in the Herminie, and subsequently cir- cumnavigated the globe again in the Bonite. He was a member of the institute and connect- ed with the museum of natural history, where he passed the remainder of his life, devoted to the classification of his specimens and the preparation and publication of his notes; and he carried on an acrimonious controversy with Mirbel on the subject of the process of vege- table growth. Among his numerous publica- tions were : Voyage de la Bonite (botanique) (4 vols. 8vo) ; JKecherches gener&les sur Vorga- nographie, la physiologic, et V organogenic des vegetaux (4to, 1841) ; Eecherches generales sur la physiologie et V organogenie des vegetaux (4to, 1842-'?) ; and Memoires et notices diverses sur Vanatomie et la physiologie des vegetaux (2 vols. 8vo, 1851). GAUGING, the operation of measuring the capacity of any receptacle, as for example that of a cask, barrel, or vat. It may be performed either by measuring the dimensions of the re- ceptacle and then calculating its capacity upon geometrical principles, or, without the necessity of any calculation, by means of a gauging rod suitably adjusted for the purpose. Though the contents of a vessel cannot ordinarily be ascer- tained in practice with absolute accuracy by these methods, the art is of service in the col- lection of excise duties, inasmuch as the con- tents of a vessel are ascertained by means of
