, GEFLE others were executed, and a few were par- doned or imprisoned. In 1861 his popularity was impaired by what was denounced as his subserviency toward Spain on its taking pos- session of the Dominican republic ; and intes- tine commotions being set on foot on various pretexts, outbreaks became henceforward ha- bitual occurrences, which were suppressed and many of their leaders executed. In 1864 Sal- nave headed an insurrection in the N. part of Hayti, which had belonged to Dominica. This movement being put down and Salnave out- lawed, he enlisted soldiers in the adjoining re- public and proclaimed a provisional govern- ment of the Cape district in May, 1865. In November this was overthrown with the aid of the English, with whose rights it had inter- fered, and Salnave took refuge on board an American man-of-war. In July, 1866, he led a new outbreak at Gonaives, which was once more put down. To reconcile the people, who began to compare him with Soulouque, Gef- frard abolished capital punishment for political offences ; but the revolution continued and in- creased in strength till Salnave gained posses- sion of the capital, March 13, 1867, and Gef- frard was obliged to take refuge in Jamaica. GEFLE, a seaport town of Sweden, capital of the Ian of Gefleborg, situated near the gulf of Bothnia and the mouth of the river of its name, 92 m. N. N. "W. of Stockholm. It formerly contained a population of about 13,000, and was one of the handsomest towns in Sweden, but in 1869 it was almost totally destroyed by fire. The chief manufactures are tobacco, linen, sail cloth, cards, and leather. There are two ship yards. GEHEMA (Heb. Ge-Hinnom, the vale of Hin- nom), a valley adjacent to Jerusalem, on the south and southwest, also called Tophet, and often mentioned in Scripture in connection with the idolatrous rites of Moloch, which were there celebrated. From the abhorrence with which the Jews after the captivity re- garded this worship, the valley was made the common sewer of the city, and a receptacle for all its refuse, which was there consumed by fire. In the New Testament the name is transferred by an easy metaphor to hell. GEIBEL, Emannel, a German poet, born in Lubeck, Oct. 18, 1815. He became associated in 1836 at Berlin with Chamisso, Gaudy, and Kugler, and was professor of esthetics in the university of Munich from 1852 to 1868. Of his Gedichte und Gedankeriblatter, the 9th edi- tion appeared in 1868; of his Neue Gedichte, the 12th, and of his Juniuslieder, the 18th, in 3870; of his Gedichte, the 69th in 1871; and of his political poems, Heroldsrufe, the 4th in 1871. His principal dramatic poems are Brunhild (1857) and Sophonisbe (1868). GEIGER, Abraham, a German rabbi, oriental- ist, and Biblical critic, born in Frankfort, May 24, 1810. He studied at the universities of Heidelberg and Bonn, gaining in the latter the prize for a dissertation on the Hebrew sources GEIJER 659 of the Koran. In 1832 he became a rabbi at Wiesbaden, in 1838 at Breslau, in 1863 at Frank- fort, and in 1869 at Berlin, which position he still holds (1874). His efforts to effect reforms in Judaism have rendered him one of the most conspicuous Jewish theologians in Europe. From 1835 to 1847 he edited the Zeitschrift farjiidische Theologie, and in 1862 he started the Judische Zeitschrift far Wissenschaft und Leben, whiph he still continues. The most im- portant of his writings are : Lehr- und Lesebuch zur Sprache der Mischna (Breslau, 1845) ; Ur- schrift und Uelersetzungen der Bilel (1857); and Das Judenthum und seine Geschichte (3 vols., 1865-'7l ; English translation of part i., New York, 1866). GEIJER, Eric Gustaf, a Swedish historian and poet, born at Ransater, Wermland, Jan. 12, 1783, died in Upsal, April 23, 1847. At the age of 16 he was sent to the university of Up- sal. He neglected to take his degree at the proper time, and consequently in 1803 was refused a tutorship in a distinguished family. This aroused his pride, and to restore his repu- tation he at once determined to contend for the next prize of the Swedish academy for ex- cellence in composition. With very meagre authorities, and with scarcely paper enough for his manuscript, he wrote a eulogy upon the Swedish administrator Sten Sture, which ob- tained the first prize. He graduated master of arts in 1806, and after a short visit to England was appointed in 1810 lecturer on history at Upsal, and was a second time crowned by the academy for an essay on the question : " What advantages may be derived from the imagina- tion in the moral education of man ? " In 181 1 he was one of twelve young men who founded the Gothic society, the object of which was to nurture a national spirit and national manners, and to derive the materials of literature, not from classical and foreign sources, but from the ancient traditions of the North. The new school was quickly divided into two parties, the Gothic and more moderate party, of which Geijer and Tegner were the chiefs, and whose organ was the Iduna, and the Phosphorist party, so called from its organ the Phospho- ros, of which Atterbom was the chief. In the Iduna, which appeared from 1811 to 1824, Geijer published his finest poems, as "The Viking," "The Last Scald," and "The Last Champion," which became immediately popu- lar. His song of "The Charcoal Boy" is still a favorite throughout Sweden. In 1814-'15 he united with Afzelius in preparing a collection of Swedish popular ballads, and in 1817 was appointed professor of history at Upsal. He composed melodies for many of his own songs, and in 1824 published, in connection with Lindblad, Musik for Sdng och Pianoforte. Liberal in politics and religion, he was twice offered a bishopric, which he declined, and twice represented the university of Upsal in the diet. His chief distinction is as the histo- rian of Sweden. He was appointed with Fant
