72 FALK I A l,k, .loli ami Daniel, a German philanthro- pist and author, born in Dantzic in 1768, died Feb. 14, 1826. He entered the university of Halle, where he produced several satirical po- ems, which attracted the notice of Wieland, who introduced him into the literary circles of Weimar. He wrote an account of his per- sonal intercourse with Goethe, which appeared after the death of both (Goethe aus naherem personlicJiem Umgange dargestellt, 2d ed., Leip- sic, 1836). A selection of Falk's writings ap- peared in 1818, and a new collection of his satirical works in 1826. He wrote for the Ta- schenbuch, of which he was the editor (1797- 1803), an article on the condition of hospitals in Berlin, which induced the government to re- form them. In 1813 he founded at Weimar an institution for the edu- cation of poor children, which bears the name of Fallcisches Institut. FALKIRK, a municipal and parliamentary burgh of Stirlingshire, Scotland, on a com- manding eminence, 24 m. W. of Edinburgh ; pop. in 1871, 9,547. Its name, Fallow Kirk, is a translation of the obsolete English ~breck, both signifying speckled church. It has a fine parish church, several churches of dissenting congregations, a school of art, and a horticul- tural society. There are in Falkirk, and in the connected villages of Grahamston, Bains- ford, and Carron, printing establishments, tan- neries, breweries, a manufactory of pyrolig- neous acid, the immense iron works of Carron, a foundery employing 500 men, and branches of the banks of Scotland and England. Its chief celebrity is due to its cattle fairs, the most important in Scotland, which take place annually in August, September, and October, each lasting from two days to a week. The last is the largest. These trysts, as the Scots call the fairs, have flourished more than 200 years. Falkirk was a place of note in the llth century. The ancient parish church, built by Malcolm Canmore in 1057, was de- molished in 1810 to give place to the present one. Here Edward I. in 1298 conquered Wil- liam Wallace, and in 1746 the young pretend- er, Charles Edward, defeated the English army under Gen. Hawley. FALKLAND, a royal burgh of Fifeshire, Scot- land, at the base of the Lomond hills, 22 m. N. of Edinburgh ; pop. in 1871, 1,144. The E. Lomond hill rises so abruptly behind it as to in- tercept the rays of the sun during several weeks in the winter. The town consists principally FALKLAND of a single street, and many of the houses have an antique appearance. The chief object of interest is the ancient palace, now in ruins, begun about 1500 and completed by James V., who died in it in 1542. It ceased to be a royal residence on the accession of James VI. to the Palace at Falkland. English throne, but was visited by both Charles I. and Charles II. No traces now exist of the more ancient castle in which David, duke of Kothesay, was starved to death in 1402. The English family of Gary derive from this place the title of viscount. FALKLAND, Lneins Cary, viscount, an English politician and man of letters, born at Burford, Oxfordshire, in 1610, killed Sept. 20, 1643. His father, Sir Henry Cary, who was made Viscount Falkland in the peerage of Scotland in 1620, held various offices under James I. Lucius was educated at Trinity college, Dub- lin, and at St. John's college, Cambridge, and at the age of 19 inherited the estate of his grandmother, wife of Chief Baron Tanfield, worth more than 2,000 per annum. He afterward married and settled at Great Tew, near Oxford, and in 1633 became Lord Falk- land by the death of his father. In his country life he had for his associates learned men from Oxford and London, and was distinguished for hospitality and considerate benevolence. Falk- land wrote both in prose and verse. He studied theology deeply, published a "Discourse of the Infallibility of the Church of Rome," and was the author of other works, now little known. He was chosen a member of the short parliament in April, 1640, for Newport, Isle of Wight, and afterward of the long par- liament, and shared deeply in the determina- tion to establish the government on a con- stitutional basis. He was a strenuous advo- cate of the bill of attainder, even when it was opposed by Pym and Hampden, who preferred proceeding by impeachment. He moved the im-
