831 GLAD WIN GLAISHER supervised a translation of Farini's Stato Ro- mano (4 vols., London, 1859). In 1851 he published a " Letter to Lord Aberdeen " on the cruelties inflicted on the political prisoners confined in the dungeons of Naples, which pro- duced a universal and very deep impression. His statue, by Adams Acton, was unveiled in Liverpool on Sept. 11, 1870. GLADWIN, an E. county of Michigan, inter- sected by Titibiwassee river ; area, 570 sq. m. ; returned without population in 1870. Its surface is uneven, and its soil consists of a sandy loam. GLAGOLITIC, one of the two ancient Slovenic, or less correctly Slavonic, forms of writing. The name is derived from the fourth letter, glagol, equivalent to our hard g ; it is also known as the Bukvitza, from bukva, letter, or from the names of the second and third letters, ~buk and vide, or & and v. Its formation is at- tributed by some to St. Jerome, and by oth- ers to Methodius, the apostle of Pannonia and Great Moravia (about 860). The shape of the 32 letters (of which 27 are also numeral signs) is very grotesque and protean, little resembling the Greek. The Glagolitza was used in Illy- ria, Dalmatia, and Bulgaria. The other form of Slovenic writing is the Kyrilitza, contrived by Cyril, the reputed brother of Methodius, many letters of which are like the Coptic, be- cause they imitate the Greek forms. This consisted originally of 40 letters, and is still in use among the eastern Slavs' and the Rou- manians. The Russian azbuka or "buktar (al- phabet) is a slight modification of the latter. These systems have been much extolled by some authors; but, though representing all sounds of the languages, they are imperfect, inasmuch as they contain single signs for com- plex sounds, such as tz, tch, shtch, ye, ya, yu. The nations that employ these graphic systems belong mostly to the Greek church ; while the Catholic Slavs (Poles, Bohemians, Slovaks, Lusatians, &c.) make use of the Latin or the so-called German letters, with some modifications. The most remarkable works in Glagolitic writing are : Glagolita Clozianus, by Count Paris Cloz of Trent in the llth cen- tury, edited by Kopitar (Vienna, 1836) ; Codex Assemanicus, continens Lectiones Evangelicas, Bibliottiecm Vaticance, in A. Mai's Scriptorum Veterum Nova Collectio ; and Codex continens Psalmos, cum Expositione Sancti Athanasii, &c., at Bologna. All these are in the Bulga- rian idiom; Breviarium (edited by Brozich, Venice, 1561) is in Servian. GLAIRE, Jean Baptiste, a French theologian and orientalist, born in Bordeaux, April 1, 1798. He completed his theological studies at St. Sulpice seminary, Paris, and afterward studied the oriental languages. Taking holy orders in 1822, he taught Hebrew in his semi- nary, and in 1825 he succeeded Chaunac de Lanzac as professor of Hebrew at the Sor- bonne. In 1841 he was made dean of the faculty of theology, and in 1843 was trans- ferred to the chair of exegesis. In 1840 he became a canon of the metropolitan chapter of Paris, and in 1851 vicar general of Bor- deaux. His most important works are : Lexi- con Manuale Hebraicum et Chaldaicum (1830 ; new ed., considerably enlarged and improved, 1843); Principes de grammaire hebraique et chaldaique (1832; new eds., 1836 and 1843, with a Chrestomathie chaldalque et hebraique) ; La sainte Bible en Latin et en Francais, with notes, explanations, &c. (3 vols. 4to, 1834) ; Torath Mosche, Le Pentateuque, with a French translation and notes, of which the first two parts only have been published, Genesis and Exodus (2 vols. 8vo, 1836-'7); Introduction historique et critique aux litres de VAncien et du Nouveau Testament (6 vols. 12mo, 1836), an abridgment of which appeared in 1846 (1 vol. 8vo.) ; Manuel de Vhebraisant, containing a grammar, a chrestomathy or choice pieces,' and a lexicon (1856) ; Concordances arabes du Goran; Principes de grammaire arabe (1857- '61) ; La Bible selon la Vulgate, translation and notes (1863) ; and Dictionnaire universel des sciences ecclesiastiques (2 vols., 1867). GLAIS-BIZOIN, Alexandra, a French politician, born at Quintin, department of C6tes-du-Nord, March 9, 1800. He acquired prominence as an opposition member of the chamber under Louis Philippe. After the revolution of 1848 he was elected to the constituent assembly, but owing to his hostility to Louis Napoleon soon withdrew from political life. In 1863, however, he again became conspicuous as a representative by his incessant and eccentric interruption of the debates, and by almost in- variably opposing the measures of the govern- ment. In the elections of 1869 he was defeated in his native department, but was returned in one of the metropolitan districts. On Sept. 4, 1870, he became a member of the govern- ment of national defence without portfolio, and subsequently represented it with Cr6mieux at Tours. The charges of embezzlement brought against him by the press he strenuously denied, declaring he had sacrificed his fortune in the public service. He was imprisoned by the commune in May, and after its downfall he was arrested by the authorities of Versailles, but im- mediately released. He is the author of several plays, and in 1868 became director of a demo- cratic weekly journal, La Tribune francaise. GLAISHER, James, a British meteorologist, born about 1800. He early became conspicu- ous as an aeronaut, and subsequently as a me- teorologist. In one of his balloon ascensions, Sept. 5, 1862, he reached the height of 37,000 ft. (See AERONAUTICS.) He was elected fel- low of the royal society in 1849 ; succeeded in 1865 Admiral Fitzroy as president of the me- teorological department of the board of trade ; and was one of the founders of the meteorolo- gical society, and, excepting the period during which he was its president, acted as secretary till 1873, when he resigned. He has published "Travels in the Air " (London, 1870), a popu- lar account of balloon voyages and adventures.
