150 GRAND FORKS of wearing their hats in the royal presence, and of being saluted by the guards at the royal palace. The Spanish grandees considered them- selves superior in rank to all the other nobil- ity of Europe, and second only to princes of royal blood. On public occasions the order of precedence placed them next to the high pre- lates. Many of the grandees had no title; others had the titles of count, marquis, and duke, and some possessed enormous estates. Among the richest were the dukes of Medina Celi, Alva, Ossuna, Altamira, Infantado, and Arcos. The duke of Arcos, in the latter part of the 18th century, maintained 3,000 servants. The grandees have no privileges now. GRAND FORKS, a N. E. county of Dakota territory, recently formed, and not included in the census of 1870; area, about 4,000 sq. m. It is separated on the east from Minnesota by the Red river, and is drained by several afflu- ents of that stream. GRAM) HAVEN, a city, port of entry, and the capital of Ottawa co., Michigan, at the mouth of Grand river, on the E. shore of Lake Michi- gan, opposite Milwaukee, and 90 m. W. N. W. of Lansing ; pop. in 1870, 3,147. It is bounded on two sides by hills, and in the neighborhood are extensive peach orchards. Springs possess- ing medicinai properties have lately been dis- covered. The city contains one of the finest hotels in the state, a cemetery of 40 acres, and three school houses. It is the W. terminus of the Detroit and Milwaukee railroad, and is intersected by the Michigan Lake Shore line. Steamers run throughout the year to Milwau- kee, and in summer a daily line plies to Grand Rapids. The principal manufactories are sev- en saw mills, a shingle mill, a machine shop, two ship yards, and one manufactory each of agricultural implements and furniture, of sash, doors, and blinds, of spinning wheels, and of curtain rollers. There are a dry dock, a na- tional bank, two weekly newspapers, a high school, and 11 churches. Grand Haven was laid out in 1836, though a trading post had been established on its site by the northwest- ern fur company in 1825. It received a city charter in 1867. GRAND ISLE, a N. W. county of Vermont, consisting of a number of islands in Lake Champlain and the S. part of a peninsula jut- ting into the lake from Canada between Riche- lieu or St. John's river and Missisquoi bay ; area, about 77 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 4,082. The chief islands are North Hero, South Hero, and Isle La Motte. The surface is undulating, and the soil fertile. The county is famous for its orchards, which yield the finest apples in the state. The chief productions in 1870 were 21,073 bushels of Indian corn, 105,431 of oats, 26,876 of buckwheat, 26,295 of peas and beans 51,599 of potatoes, 160,653 Ibs. of butter, 83,- 838 of wool, 12,271 tons of hay, and 15,982 Ibs. of hops. There were 1,285 horses, 2,827 cat- tle, and 16,087 sheep. The lake is here navi- gable by vessels of 90 tons. The Vermont GRAND RAPIDS Central railroad crosses the N. part of the county. Capital, North Hero. GRAND MANAN, or Menan, an island off the E. coast of Maine, at the entrance to the bay of Fundy, belonging to Charlotte co., New Bruns- wick ; pop. in 1871, 1,867. Its length is near- ly 20 m., and its average breadth about 5 m. It abounds with excellent timber, and has sev- eral fishing stations. The coast is deeply in- dented, and affords numerous good harbors. There is a lighthouse on the island, lat. 44 45' 52" N., Ion. 66 44' 4" W. GRANDPRE, Louis Marie Joseph Ohier, count de, a French navigator and traveller, born in St. Malo, May 7, 1761, died in Paris, Jan. 7, 1846. After a long experience on the sea as a trader, he entered the navy, and at the end of 15 years' service was admitted to the hotel de* invalides, where he remained until his death. He published Voyage d la cote occidental* d>Afrique,fait dans les annees 1786 et 1787 (2 vols. 8vo, 1801), in which he gives an interest- ing account from his own observation of the Congo slave trade before the French revolution ; Voyage dans Vlnde et au Bengalefait dans les annees 1789 et 1790 (1801), followed by Voyage dans la mer Rouge. He also published a Dic- tionnaire universel de geographic maritime (2 vols. 4to, 1803), an Abrege elementaire de geo- graphic physique (8vo, 1825), a Repertoire po- ly glotte de la marine (2 vols. 8vo, 1829), and many essays, among them a Memoire sur I 'em- placement que VUe Atlantide peut avoir occupe entre Pancien et le nouveau monde. GRAND RAPIDS, a city and the capital of "Kent co., Michigan, situated at the rapids of Grand river, here spanned by five bridges, 30 m. E. of Lake Michigan and 60 m. W. N. W. of Lansing; pop. in 1850, 2,686; in 1860, 8,085 ; in 1870, 16,507, of whom 5,725 were foreigners. It is built on both sides of the river, which here, deviating from its general W. direction, runs nearly S. - between high bluffs about a mile apart, which gradually di- verge and nearly disappear above and below the city. The central school building, erected in 1868 at a cost of $50,000, is on the highest part of the bluffs E. of the river, and com- mands a fine view. The county jail, built in 1872, is a fine specimen of architecture. There are many handsome residences, a number of gravelled streets, and several miles of street railroad. The river is navigable to this point for steamers of considerable size. Six railroads intersect here: the Detroit and Milwaukee, the Grand Rapids and Indiana, the Grand River Valley division of the Michigan Central, the Kalamazoo division of the Michigan South- ern, the Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore, and the Grand Rapids, Newaygo, and Lake Shore. The rapids furnish extensive water power, which is utilized by means of two canals. The one on the E. side of the river is 2,600 ft. long, 140 ft. wide at the upper and 30 ft. at the lower end ; the W. side canal is 3,300 ft. long, 100 ft. wide at the upper and 50 ft. at
