172 GRATIOT the priests, ho greatly contributed to the down- fall of paganism. A military rebellion, which broke out in Britain under Maximus, and spread to Gaul, deprived him of his throne and life. GRATIOT, a central county of the S. penin- sula of Michigan, drained by Pine and Maple rivers; area, 576 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 11,810. It has an undulating surface and a productive soil, partially covered with pine timber. The chief productions in 1870 were 127,111 bushels of wheat, 81,655 of Indian corn, 64,923 of oats, 95,354 of potatoes, 306,436 Ibs. of butter, 44,- 903 of wool, and 13,297 tons of hay. There were 2,072 horses, 3,288 milch cows, 4,748 other cattle, 11,536 sheep, and 4,890 swine; 4 flour mills, and 13 saw mills. Capital, Ithaca. GRATRY, Angnste Joseph Alphons*, abbe, a French theologian, born in Lille, March 30, 1805, died at Montreux, Switzerland, Feb. 6, 1872. In 1841 he was appointed director of the college of Ste. Barbe, Paris, and in 1846 chaplain of the superior normal school. In 1851 a controversy with his colleague, M. Vacherot, led to their resigning their positions. Gratry now founded, in conjunction with the abb6 Petetot, a society of priests called "Oratory of the Immaculate Conception," and devoted himself in an especial manner to the conver- sion and instruction of the Parisian youth. In 1861 he was appointed by Bishop Dupanloup vicar general of Orleans, and in 1863 became professor of moral theology in the Sorbonne. On the publication of his Cours de philosophic (1855-'7) he was hailed as a valuable auxiliary by the ontologists. In 1864 he vehemently attacked Renan and the whole rationalistic school ; and in 1867 he was elected a member of the French academy, chiefly, it is thought, in consideration of his three works, Paix, medi- tations historiques et religieuses (1862), Sources, conseih pour la conduite de T esprit (2 vols. 8vo, 1861-'2), and Commentaires sur Vevangile de Saint Matthieu (1863). In 1869 his connection with Pere Hyacinthe and the "International League of Peace" drew on him the censure of the superior of the Oratory, from which body he thereupon withdrew. In 1870 he published two letters on the position of parties in the council of the Vatican, which he retracted in December, 1872, in a letter to the new arch- bishop of Paris, Guibert. His principal works, besides those above mentioned, are: Philoso- vhie du Credo (1861); Jems-Christ, lettres a M. Renan (1864); Lea sophittes et la critique (1864) ; II, N // I'crreyce (1866) ; and La morale etlaloide Wiutoire (2 vols. 8vo, 1868). GRATTAN, Henry, an Irish statesman and orator, born in Dublin, July 3, 1746, died in London, May 14, 1820. His father, a barrister and a Protestant, was for many years record- ' Dublin and also a member of the Irish partUment Il.-nry entered Trinity college, Dublin, in 1765, and graduated with distinction in 17<:7, after which he removed to London and became a student in the Middle Temple Hi admiration for the eloquence of Lord Chat- GRATTAN ham determined him to become an orator. He was admitted to the Irish bar in 1772, and in 1775 entered the Irish parliament as repre- sentative of Charlemont. He at once joined the opposition, and united with Flood and the leading patriots of the day in endeavoring to obtain free trade for Ireland. On April 19, 1780, he introduced and supported with great eloquence the famous declaration of right, denying the power of the British parliament to legislate for Ireland. His motion was lost, but he became the idol of the Irish people. He fired their national spirit, and through his influence the volunteer bands assembling from all parts of Ireland were swelled to the num- ber of 80,000. These volunteers held a meet- ing at Dungannon in February, 1782, and passed unanimously the resolution drawn up by Mr. Grattan, that " a claim of any body of men, other than the king, lords, and commons of Ireland, to make laws to bind this kingdom, is unconstitutional, illegal, and a grievance." On April 16, 1782, he repeated in the house of commons his motion for a declaration of Irish right. The resolutions were carried by an overwhelming majority. Mr. Fox decided in- stantly to yield, and brought in a Trill for re- pealing the act (6 George I.) by which the British parliament claimed the right to bind Ireland by British laws. Grattan was now the most popular man in Ireland, and parliament proposed to vote him 100,000 " as a testimony of the national gratitude for great national ser- vices." It was only at the earnest request of his friends that he agreed to accept half the amount. During the following sessions of parliament he found a bitter and sarcastic op- ponent in Flood, who encouraged the story which had been set on foot, that Grattan hav- ing received his pay had ceased to be a patriot. In 1785, by his opposition to the propositions regarding the trade between Great Britain and Ireland, known as Ord's propositions, he re- gained his popularity. In 1790 he was returned to parliament by the city of Dublin. On the arrival in 1795 of Earl Fitzwilliam, he asso- ciated himself with that nobleman in origi- nating plans for the peace and prosperity of his native country. After the earl's recall dissen- sions arose, and the society of United Irish- men proposed to form a republic, and opened intercourse with France to gain help. Grat- tan, after advising conciliatory measures in vain, withdrew from parliament. When Mr. Pitt proposed measures for uniting Great Brit- ain and Ireland, he again obtained a seat in parliament as member for Wicklov, for the express purpose of opposing this measure ; but when the union had been effected he entered the imperial parliament as representative of the borough of Malton in 1805, and of Dublin in 1806. In opposition to the corporation of his native city, he advocated Catholic emancipa- tion, and undertook a journey to London, while in feeble health, to present a petition from the Catholics to the house of commons. When
