GROVETON the field of electricity; and his contributions to philosophical publications, principally on this subject, are very numerous. A few only of his original researches can here be noticed. In 1839 he described in the "Philosophical Magazine " his new battery, much more power- ful than any previous one, and still in general use under his name, in which platinum is sub- stituted for the copper plate, and nitric for sulphuric acid. About the same time he made the discovery that if two pieces of gold are placed, one in a cell of nitric, and the other in one of hydrochloric acid, and the cells sepa- rated by an earthenware partition, no chemi- cal action takes place ; but if the two pieces are connected by a metallic wire, they are im- mediately attacked by the acids. In 1841 he described in the same journal a method of en- graving the daguerreotype plate by galvanic action. In January, 1842, Mr. Grove delivered a lecture before the London institution on the progress of physical science, in which he first announced what is now generally known as "the theory of the correlation of forces." In 1847 he published his essay on "The Corre- lation of Physical Forces," which has passed through several editions, and has been trans- lated into various European languages. Among his numerous discoveries not already mentioned are the decomposition of water into free oxy- gen and hydrogen, the electricity of the flame of the blowpipe, electrical action produced by proximity without contact of dissimilar metals, molecular movements induced in metals by the electric current, and the conversion of elec- tricity into mechanical force. He was presi- dent of the British association in 1866, was ap- pointed a justice of the court of common pleas in 1871, and was knighted in 1872. GROVETON. See BULL RUN. GRUBER, Johann Gottfried, a German cyclo- pasdist, professor of philosophy in the univer- sity of Halle, born in Kaumburg, Prussia, Nov. 29, 1774, died in Halle, Aug. 7, 1851. He wrote nearly 30 works on historical, critical, and imaginative subjects, and was joint editor with Ersch of the Allgemeine Encylclopadie der Wissenschaften und Kunste. (See ERSCH.) GRp, Inastasins. See AUERSPERG, A. A. GRUNBERG, a town of Prussian Silesia, in the government of Liegnitz, 50 m. S. E. of Frankfort-on-the-Oder; pop. in 1871, 11,091. It is walled and surrounded by suburbs. Its environs are noted for their vineyards. It manufactures woollens, linens, printed cottons, silk goods, leather, and champagne wine. GRUNDTVIG, Nicolai Frederik Severin, a Danish writer, born at Udby, Seeland, Sept. 8, 1783, died in Copenhagen, Sept. 2, 1872. He studied theology at Copenhagen, and in 1810 began to preach in that city. His doctrines ofiended the clergy, and he finally separated from the orthodox Lutheran church and became the head of a distinct school opposed to centraliza- tion in church government. In 1848 he engaged in politics, and became an influential leader in GRUNDY 273 j the diet of the Danish party, in opposition to German influence and in favor of a union of the Scandinavian nations. Grundtvig pub- lished two collections of sermons, a collection of hymns, and many historical works, among which are : Nordens Mythologie (1808 ; 2d ed. revised, 1832) ; Kort Begreb af Verden&krenike ("Short Sketch of the History of the World," 1812) ; translations of Saxo Grammaticus and Snorro Sturleson (6 vols., 1818-'22); Haand- "bog i Verdendhistorien ("Manual of Universal History," 4 vols., 1833-'43). Among his poet- ical works are : Optrin af Kampelivets Under- gang i Nord (2 vols., 1809); Boeslcilde-Riim (1814) ; and Nordislce Smaadigte (1838). From 1816 to 1820 he published a literary journal, DannemrTce, and from 1848 to 1851 a political weekly, Danslceren. During the Schleswig- Holstein war he wrote spirited songs for the Danish cause. GRUNDY. I. A S. E. county of Tennessee, drained by Collins river ; area, 300 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 3,250, of whom 137 were colored. It has a mountainous surface and a fertile soil. The chief productions in 1870 were 12,131 bushels of wheat, 73,373 of Indian corn, 11,242 of oats, 10,218 of potatoes, and 47 bales of cot- ton. Capital, Altamont. II. A N. E. county of Illinois, drained by Illinois river ; area, 430 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 14,938. It is intersected by the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific, and the Chicago and Alton railroads, and by the Illinois and Michigan canal. The surface is generally level, and the soil is fertile. Timber is not abundant, but bituminous coal has been found. The chief productions in 1870 were 21,850 bushels of wheat, 295,971 of Indian corn, 269,332 of oats, 51,451 of potatoes, 438,309 Ibs. of butter, and 37,116 tons of hay. There were 7,264 horses, 6,770 milch cows, 12,575 other cattle, 3,845 sheep, and 8,269 swine; 2 manu- factories of agricultural implements, 4 of car- riages and wagons, 3 of saddlery and harness, 2 flour mills, 1 tannery, 1 currying establish- ment, and 1 distillery. Capital, Morris. III. A N. E. central county of Iowa, watered by branches of Red Cedar river ; area, about 500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 6,399. It consists chiefly of prairies; the soil is fertile. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 621,322 bushels of wheat, 345,717 of Indian corn, 201,733 of oats, 13,360 of barley, 38,995 of potatoes, 154,107 Ibs. of butter, and 14,576 tons of hay. There were 3,667 horses, 2,881 milch cows, 2,995 other cat- tle, 2,972 sheep, and 4,111 swine. Capital, Grundy Centre. IV. A N. county of Missouri, drained by Weldon and other rivers, and con- sisting chiefly of fertile prairies; area, 462 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 10,567, of whom 115 were colored. The chief productions in 1870 were 63,242 bushels of wheat, 13,138 of rye, 427,818 of Indian corn, 186,184 of oats, 37,666 of pota- toes, 123,251 Ibs. of butter, 48,207 of wool, and 7,100 tons of hay. There were 5,241 horses, 4,137 milch cows, 8,853 other cattle, 18,896 sheep, and 19,110 swine. Capital, Trenton.
