GUIAJSTA 3re formed into one colony, under the name of British Guiana. Slavery was abolished in 1834, and the system of apprenticeship was abandoned in 1838. In 1827 the territory was included in the bishopric of Barbadoes and the Leeward Isles ; but in 1838 it became an arch- deaconry, and in 1842 was erected into a sep- arate bishopric. III. Dutch Guiana, or Surinam, extends from the Corentyn to the river Maroni, lying between lat. 1 20' and 6 N., and Ion. 53 15' and 57 45' W. It is bounded N. by the Atlantic, E. by French Guiana, S. by Bra- zil, and W. by British Guiana; area, 55,785 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 59,860, including 650 soldiers, 400 marines, 1,000 Indians, and 7,500 maroons or fugitive African slaves and their descendants, who live chiefly in the hill country. Paramaribo, on the bank and about 10m. from the mouth of the Surinam river, is the capi- tal; the governor's residence is at Zeelandia, a short distance N. of that city. Since the im- portation of slaves ceased, the population has gradually diminished ; in 1852 it was 64,270. The country is flat and swampy near the coast, mountainous in the interior, and watered by numerous rivers. The products are the same as in British Guiana. The exports, principally cacao, sugar, rum, cotton, indigo, and other dyes and dye woods, are far from being as ex- tensive now as when slavery existed. The total value of the exports to Great Britain in 1868 was $406,980; 1869, $369,650; 1870, $544,420; 1871, $823,295; 1872, $874,890; of the imports in 1868, $177,015 ; 1869, $184,- 845 ; 1870, $235,505 ; 1871, $192,965 ; 1872, $213,700. Surinam is an expensive colony to the Netherlands, as may be seen by the state of the finances in 1872, viz. : revenue, $79,- 944 80 ; expenditure, $480,274 40 ; deficit, $300,329 60. The government is vested in a governor general and council. Dutch Guiana was visited by the French in 1640. It was taken by the English in 1650, and granted by charter of Charles II. to Lord Willoughby in 1662. The Dutch took possession of it in 1667 ; the English retook it shortly afterward, but ceded it back to the Dutch in 1669. By the peace of Westminster it was allotted to the Dutch in exchange for the province of New York. It was again taken by the English in 1796, restored in 1802, recaptured in 1804, and again given up to Holland in 1814. IV. French Gniana, or Cayenne, lies between lat. 1 15' and 5 45' K, and Ion. 51 30' and 54 35' W. It is bounded N". by the Atlantic, E. and S. by Brazil, and W. by Dutch Guiana ; area, 40,140 sq. m. ; pop. in 1868, 25,151. The ter- ritory includes the island of Cayenne (see CAYENNE), and is divided into the two districts of Cayenne and Sinnamary, and subdivided into 14 communes or arrondissements. The country near the coast is flat, marshy in some parts, and in others covered with forests of mangroves. The climate is much hotter and more unhealthy than in the other divisions of Guiana. The products of the other two col- 380 TOL. vin. 20 GUIDO ARETINO 303 onies are likewise found here, with the addition of pepper (especially the kind bearing the name cayenne), cloves, cinnamon, nutmeg, &c. The state of agriculture is very low. The total ex- ports in 1864 amounted to $265,475, and the imports to $1,956,765. The governor has a privy council, with a colonial council of 16 members elected by the colonists. The coun- try was settled by the French in 1604, and again in 1635. The English seized the colony in 1654, and held it till 1664. The Dutch took it in 1676, but were obliged to restore it to the French in 1677. It was again taken by the British in 1809, and finally restored to France at the peace of Paris in 1814. GUICCIARDIM, Francesco, an Italian historian, born in Florence, March 6, 1482, died near that city in May, 1540. At the age of 23 he held a professorship of law, and was afterward ap- pointed ambassador to Ferdinand the Catholic. He was soon called to the court of Leo X., who made him governor of Modena and Reg- gio, which dignity he retained under Adrian VI. Clement VII. sent him to the Romagna, where he succeeded in quelling the conflicts of the Guelphs and Ghibellines. "As lieutenant gen- eral of the pope he defended Parma against the enemy, and subdued the revolted city of Bologna, after which he retired (1534) to Flor- ence and commenced his history. On the as- sassination of Alessandro de' Medici, he ex- erted himself to defeat the project of the senate for restoring the republic. Cosmo de' Medici was made governor by his influence, but soon exchanged this title for that of duke, and as- sumed absolute power in the state, when Guic- ciardini, who had been attached to him, re- signed his office and retired. Of his " History of Italy," the first complete 16 books appeared in 1561, edited by his nephew. A few years afterward four more were added, but these are not complete. It has since been often reprint- ed in 20 vols., but the best edition is that by Rosini (10 vols., Pisa, 1819-'20). Among the other remains of Guicciardini are Consigli aurei ed avvertimenti politici (translated into French, Paris, 1577), and parts of his correspondence published by Bernigio under the title Con- sider azioni cimli sopra Vistoria di Francesco Guicciardini (Venice, 1582), and under that of Legazione di Spagna (Pisa, 1825). Gt'ICCIOLI, Teresa, countess, born about 1802, died in Rome, March 26, 1873. See BYEON. GUICOWAR, or Guikwar, Dominion of the, or Baroda, a tributary state of British India, in the division of Guzerat, province of Bombay. The former dominions of the Guicowar com- prised about 29,400 sq. m., lying around the gulf of Cutch, between lat. 20 40' and 24 N., and Ion. 69 and 74 E. The present Baroda, which is all that remains under the nominal rule of the native prince, has an area of 4,400 sq. m. ; pop. about 350,000. (See BAEODA.) For its physical characteristics, see GUZEEAT. GUIDI, Tommaso. See MASACCIO. GUIDO ARETINO. See ARETINO.
