ss GUISCHARD rator to Salerno, where he died soon after. Guiscard immediately sailed with a large fleet for the Grecian archipelago, but died of an epidemic disease at Cephalonia on the eve of his departure for Constantinople. GUISCHARD, or Guischardt, Karl Gottlieb, a German writer, born in Magdeburg in 1724, died in Berlin, May 15, 1775. He studied at alle, Marburg, and Leyden, with the inten- >n of becoming a clergyman; but changing is mind, he entered the military service of Holland. After a single campaign, in which he served as ensign in an infantry regiment, ce having been restored by the treaty of ix-la-Chapelle, he devoted himself to re- search upon military art in ancient times, and published in 1758 at the Hague his Memoires .ilitaires sur les Grecs et les Romains. Fred- ick the Great summoned the author to Bres- , bestowed upon him the name of Quintus ilius by which he was afterward known, d gave him a major's commission. In this pacity Guischard was called into service in
- ony, where he was charged with extortion,
e king nevertheless promoted him to a colo- Icy in 1763, and continued to treat him with ,vor. In 1773 he published at Berlin his Me- es historiques et critiques sur plusieurs ints d'art militaire, which he dedicated to rederick. This work is written with clearness d a thorough knowledge of the subject. GUISE, a town of France, in the department Aisne, on the Oise, 23 m. N. of Laon ; pop. 1866, 5,099. It is a fortified place of the ird class ; has various manufactures and a pha- itery designed for 400 families. It is the hplace of Camille Desmoulins. It is first entioned in the llth century. From it the es of Guise derived their title. GUISE, House of, a branch of the ducal fam- of Lorraine, which played a conspicuous in the religious and civil wars of France the 16th century. Its most celebrated mem- rs were the following. I. Claude de Lorraine, duke of Guise, born Oct. 20, 1496, died in pril, 1550. He was a younger son of Eene, ke of Lorraine, whom he succeeded as count Aumale. He established himself in France, here he rendered distinguished service to ancis L, who erected the former countship Guise into a duchy, which he bestowed upon m, together with the government of Cham- pie. His daughter Marie married James V. Scotland, and was mother of Mary queen Scots. II. Francois de Lorraine, second duke Guise, born at the castle of Bar, Feb. 17, 519, died Feb. 24, 1563. Almost from the tset of his career he was distinguished as good general and a brave soldier; and by 3 successful defence of the city of Metz 552-'3), when he obliged Charles V. to raise e siege after having lost 30,000 men, he be- me renowned throughout Europe. He also Dualized himself at the battle of Eenti in 554. At the request of Pope Paul IV. he was t to Naples at the head of a French army GUISE 315 in 1556; but he failed in this undertaking. Montmorency having lost the battle of St. Quentin (1557), the kingdom was in imminent danger ; but Guise repelled the imperial troops, and retook Calais from the English, who had held it since 1347. On the accession of Francis II., in 1559, Guise seized the reins of govern- ment, and caused Antoine de Bourbon, king of Navarre, and the prince of Conde to be ar- rested, and the latter placed on trial for high treason ; but the death of the king (1560) de- prived him of his ascendancy. With the consta- ble Montmorency and Marshal Saint-Andre he then formed a kind of triumvirate in order to control the course of the government and to oppose the Protestants. An assault in 1562 on a body of Huguenots by some of his servants and followers gave the signal for the wars which continued for more than 30 years. At the head of the Catholics, Guise took Kouen, and a little later won the victory of Dreux, where Montmorenpy fell into the hands of the Protestants, and Saint- Andre was killed. He had reached the height of his power when, during the siege of Orleans, he was treacher- ously shot, Feb. 18, 1563, by a Protestant, Poltrot de Merey, and died a week after. He left a diary, which was printed in Michaud and Poujoulat's Nouvelle collection de memoires pour sermr d Vhistoire de France. HI. Henri I. de Lorraine, third duke of Guise, son of the preceding, born Dec. 31, 1550, assassinated in Blois, Dec. 23, 1588. He witnessed his father's death, and swore vengeance against the Prot- estants, and especially Admiral Coligni, who he thought had instigated the deed. When 1 6 years old he went to Hungary aud distin- guished himself in the war against the Turks. After his return to France he fought at Jarnac and Moncontour, and forced Coligni to raise the siege of Poitiers in 1569. He was an abet- tor of the massacre of St. Bartholomew's day (1572), and was present when Coligni was killed. In 1575, having been wounded in the face in a successful encounter in the vicinity of Chateau-Thierry, he received the surname of le Balafr6, the scarred, by which he was afterward commonly known. The following year he was instrumental in the formation of the "holy league " for the protection of the Catholics, of which till his death he was the head. After the death of the duke of Anjou, in 1584, he covertly aspired to the throne ; and being supported by the pope and Philip II. of Spain, he excited the nation against Henry III. and his heir appa- rent Henry of Navarre. During the " war of the three Henries " he twice defeated, at Vi- mory and Aulneau, the German troops which had been enlisted in aid of the Huguenots. Not- withstanding the prohibition of Henry III., he entered Paris in triumph, besieged the king in the Louvre, May 12, 1588, during the popular rebellion known as the " day of the barri- cades," and remained the undisputed master of the capital. At the end of the same year he was present at the meeting of the states gen-
