318 GUIZOT amount, and for that purpose sold for 120,000 francs ft famous picture of Murillo which the queen of Spain had given him. His principal works, besides those already mentioned, are : Monk: Chute de la republique et retallisse- ment de la monarchie en Angleterre en 1660 (1850) ; Corneille et son temps, and ShaTcspeare et son temps (1852) ; Histoire de la republique d 1 Angleterre et du protectorat de Cromwell (2 vols., 1854); Histoire du protectorat de Richard Cromwell et du retablissement des Stuarts (2 vols., 1856); Sir Robert Peel: Etude d'histbire contemporaine (1856); Me- moir es pour servir d Vhistoire de mon temps (8 vols., 1858-'68); UEglise et la societe chre- tienne en 1861 (1861); Discours academiques (1861) ; Histoire parlementaire de France, &c. (a collection of his speeches, 5 vols., 1863) ; Meditations sur Tessence de la religion chre- tienne (1864) ; Meditations sur Tetat actuel de la religion chretienne (1865) ; Melanges liogra- phiques et litteraires (1868) ; La France et la Prusse responsal)les devant V Europe (1868) ; Histoire de France depuis les temps les plus recules jusqu'en 1789, racontee d mes petits-en- fants (1870 et seq.) ; Histoire de quatre grands Chretiens francais (2 vols., 1873-'4). For many years he has been writing a history of Spain, to be completed in 10 vols., of which 5 are now (1874) finished. He began to learn Spanish for this work at the age of 72. Among his editorial prefaces and memoirs, his ad- mirable Etude sur Washington, prefixed origi- nally to the Vie, correspondance et ecrits de Washington, is particularly worthy of men- tion. Almost all his works have been trans- lated into English, and all the more impor- tant ones into several other languages. II. KlisalM-tli Charlotte Pauline de Menlan, a French authoress, first wife of the preceding, born in Paris, Nov. 2, 1773, died there, Aug. 1, 1827. Her family was left in reduced circumstances by the death of her father in 1790, and she devoted herself to literature for support. In 1800 she published Les contradictions, a novel, and soon after La chapelle d 1 Ay ton, partly an adaptation from the English. In 1801 she un- dertook the literary and artistic editorship of Le Publiciste, a periodical established by Suard. In 1807, being compelled to abandon her labors by ill health, she accepted the aid of an anonymous writer, who proved to be Guizot, then young and unknown. The inti- macy arising from this incident ripened into love and ended in their marriage, April 12, 1812. Thenceforth she devoted herself princi- pally to works for the moral improvement of the young, and published successively Les en- fants (1812); Le journal d'une mere (1813); VEcolier, ou Raoul et Victor (1821), to which the academy awarded the Montyon prize ; Nou- veaux contes d r usage de la jeunesse (1823) ; and Lettres de famille sur Veducation (1826), which also gained a prize. Several volumes of her essays and tales were published by her husband after her death. III. Marguerite An- GULL dree Elisa (DILLON), niece of the preceding and second wife of Francois Guizot, born in Paris in 1804, died in 1833. She also cultivated let- ters, and furnished to the Revue Francaise a number of articles and tales, which were col- lected in a volume and published in 1834. Of her children, HENEIETTE, born in 1829, wife of Conrad de Witt, has published Edouard III. et les bourgeois de Calais, ou les Anglais en France (1854), Une famille d Paris (1863), and several books for children, and has trans- lated a number of English works, including the life of Prince Albert, attributed to Queen Victo- ria, " China and Japan," by Laurence Oliphant, and "William Pitt and his Times," by Lord Stanhope. PAULINE, born in 1831, wife of Cor- nelius de Witt, brother of her sister's husband, wrote Guillaume le Conquerant, ou V Angle- terre sous les Normands (1854), and made trans- lations from the English, including novels by Dickens and Miss Mulock, and, in collaboration with her sister, Motley's " Rise of the Dutch Republic." She died at Cannes, Feb. 28, 1874. MAURICE GUILLAUME, the only son, born in Paris, Jan. 11, 1833, received a prize from the French academy in 1853, for a work entitled Menandre, etude historique et litteraire sur la comedie et la societe grecques (1855). In 1866 he was appointed professor of the French lan- guage and literature in the college de France. He has also published Alfred le Grand, ou V Angleterre sous les Anglo-Saxons (1856), and translations of Macaulay's essays. GUJERAT. See GUZERAT. GULF WEED. See ATLANTIC OCEAN, vol. ii., p. 79. GULL, a web-footed bird, comprising several genera of the family laridce, of which the typ- ical genus larus (Linn.) is found over the ma- rine portions of the entire world. The bill varies considerably in form and strength, though it is generally straight, with com- pressed sides, and curved at the end ; nostrils lateral and oblong ; wings long and pointed ; tail usually even ; tarsi robust ; anterior toes united by a full web, and the hind toe short and elevated. The genus larus contains the largest and best known of the gulls, character- ized by a strong hooked bill, nearly even tail, light-colored mantle, and white head. The largest of the gulls is the glaucous or burgo- master (L. glaucus, Briinnich), 30 in. long, with an alar extent of 5 ft. ; the bill about 3 in., very stout, gamboge yellow, with a reddish orange patch near the end of the lower mandi- ble ; the general color is pure white, with a light grayish blue tinge on the back and wings. It is an inhabitant of the arctic seas, coming down in winter as far as New York. It is ex- ceedingly shy, and notoriously voracious, eat- ing fish, small birds, and carrion; it is noisy than most other species. The eggs pale purplish gray, with spots of brown purple. The young, as in gulls generally, are pale yellowish brown, with spots and bars of dusky. The black-backed gull (L. marinuB,
