336 GUROWSKI nevolent purposes. He published "Notes on I'1-is..n Discipline" (1819); "Observations on the Religious Peculiarities of the Society of Friends" (1824); "Essays on the Evidences, Doctrines, and Practical Operations of Chris- tianity" (1827) ; "Biblical Notes to confirm the Deity of Christ " (1830) ; " Accordance of Geo- logical Discovery with Natural and Revealed Religion" (1835); "Sabbatical Verses" (1837); "Familiar Sketch of William Wilberforce " (1840); "A Winter in the West Indies, de- scribed in Familiar Letters to Henry Clay of Kentucky" (1840); and " Thoughts on Habit and Discipline" (2d ed., 1844). His memoirs, edited by Joseph Be van Braithwaite, with se- lections from his journal and correspondence, were published in 1854 (2 vols. 8vo). GUROWSKI, Adam, count, a Polish author and revolutionist, born at Rusocice in the palati- nate of Kalisz, Sept. 10, 1805, died in Wash- ington, D. 0., May 4, 1806. Having been ex- pelled in 1818, and again in 1819, from the gymnasia of Warsaw and Kalisz for revolution- ary Demonstrations, he continued his studies at different universities in Germany. He re- turned to Warsaw in 1825, and took part in the Polish insurrection of 1830. At its termina- tion he took up his residence in Paris, where he was a member of the national Polish com- mittee, and became conspicuous in political and literary circles. His estates had been con- fiscated by the Russian government, and he had been condemned to death ; but in 1835 he published a work entitled La verite sur la Russie, in which he advocated a union of the different branches of the Slavic race. The idea was regarded favorably by the Russian government, and Gurowski was recalled ; and although his estates were not restored to him, he was employed in the civil service. In 1844 he became involved in a quarrel, and left Russia. He spent some time in Germany, and afterward in Switzerland, an^ for two years lectured on Political economy in the university of Bern, [e then went to Italy, and in 1849 came to the United States, where he engaged in literary pursuits, and became deeply interested in Amer- ican politics. From 1861 to 1863 he was em- ployed in the department of state at Washing- ton. Before coming to America he had publish- ed La civilisation et la Russie (St. Petersburg, 1840) ; Pensees sur Vavenir des Polonais (Ber- lin, 1841); Aus meinem Gedankeribuche (Bres- lau, 1843); Eine Tour durch Belgien (Heidel- berg, 1845); Impressions et souvenirs (Lausanne, 1846) ; Die letztcn Ereignisse in den drei Theilen des alten Polen (Munich, 1846); and Le Pawlavisme (Florence, 1848). During his residence in the United States he published "Russia as It Is" (New York, 1854); "The Turkish Question" (1854); "A Year of the War " (1855) ; " America and Europe " (1857) ; "Slavery in History " (1860) ; and " My Diary," notes on the civil war (3 vols., 1862-'6). GURWHAL, Gnrhwal, or Gnrwal, a N. W. dis- trict of British India, in the Northwest Prov- GURYEV inces, between lat. 30 and 31 20' N., and Ion. 78 and 79 20' E., bounded N. and N. E. by the Himalayas, which separate it from Thibet ; area, about 4,500 sq. m. ; pop. in 1871, 309,947. It occupies the S. W. slope of the Himalayas, and includes some of the lofti- est peaks of that range. Its surface presents little else than a succession of mountains and deep narrow valleys, among which rise several head streams of the Ganges. Only a small part of the country is cultivated or inhabited. Many of the hills are totally destitute of vege- tation, and others are covered with low forests. The chief crop in the low regions is rice. Wheat, barley, buckwheat, battu or amaran- thus, pulse of various kinds, oil seeds, the pop- py, cotton, sugar cane, and tea are also culti- vated. Field labor is performed by women. Horses are rare, asses are unknown, but cat- tle, sheep, and goats are carefully reared. The greater part of the inhabitants are Hindoos, the remainder being of Thibetan or of mixed Thibetan and Hindoo origin. They are below the middle size, have dark hair and beards, and a lighter complexion than the Hindoos of the plains. Their houses are built of layers of stone and squared beams, and are usually three stories high, the ground floor being occupied by the cattle. Gurwhal was dependent on some of the more powerful hill states until the reign of Mohiput Shah, who declared himself independent and built Serinagur for his capi- tal. Under the sovereigns of this dynasty the state embraced the district of the Dehra Doon, and about one half of Kumaon. In 1803 it was overrun and devastated by the Gorkhas, and in 1814 was wrested from the conquerors by the British and restored to the family of the former rajah. GURWOOD, John, an English soldier, born in 1791, died by his own hand in Brighton, Dec. 25, 1845. He entered the British army as en- sign in 1808. At the storming of Ciudad Ro- drigo, in 1812, he led the forlorn hope, and re- ceived the sword of the governor on the sur- render of the fortress. He served through- out the whole of that war, and was severely wounded at Waterloo. In 1831 he became private secretary to the duke of Wellington, and in 1841 was raised to the rank of colonel. In 1834 he commenced the publication of "The Despatches of Field Marshal the Duke of Wellington, during his various Campaigns in India, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, the Low Countries, and France, from 1799 to 1818," which extended to 13 vols. 8vo. In return for his services Col. Gurwood received from the duke the appointment of deputy governor of the tower of London. He committed suicide in a fit of insanity from the effects of a wound in the head received at Ciudad Rodrigo. GURYEV, or Goriev, a town of Russia, in the government and 188 m. E. N. E. of the city of Astrakhan, capital of a circle of the same name, on an island of the Ural, not far from the Caspian sea; pop. in 1867, 2,838. It has
