342 GUTHRIE are of very doubtful authenticity. In 1540, a century after the invention of printing, the city of Wittenberg first publicly celebrated the event. The example was followed in the suc- ceeding century by Strasburg, Breslau, and Jena, and many cities of Germany have since held centennial jubilees in honor of Gutenberg and his invention. In 1837 a statue of him in bronze by Thorwaldsen was erected in his na- tive place, and in 1840 Strasburg, the birth- place of the art, inaugurated with great pomp one by David d' Angers. The chief authorities on the life of Gutenberg are : Essai d'annales de la tie de Gutenberg, by J. G. Oberlin (Stras- burg, 1801) ; Essai sur les monuments typo- graphiques de Gutenberg (Mentz, ,1802), and other works, by M. G. Fischer; Eloge histo- rique de Jean Gutenberg, by Nee de la Rochelle (Paris, 1811) ; De Vorigine et des debuts de Vim- primerie en Europe, by Auguste Bernard (2 vols., Paris, 1853); Essai historique de Guten- berg, by J. P. Gama (Paris, 1857); and Lamar- tine's memoir, Gutenberg Vinventeur de Vim- primerie (12mo, Paris, 1853). See also an article giving a summary of the facts and the arguments which the life and works of Guten- berg have evolved, by Ambroise Firmin-Didot, in the Nouvelle biographic generate. GUTHRIE, a S. W. county of Iowa, drained by the middle fork of Raccoon river; area, 576 sq. m. ; pop. in 1870, 7,061. The soil is fertile. The Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific railroad intersects the S. part. The chief pro- ductions in 1870 were 164,012 bushels of wheat, 447,380 of Indian corn, 73,827. of oats, 12,873 of potatoes, 120,390 Ibs. of butter, 35,180 of wool, and 10,405 tons of hay. There were 2,692 horses, 2,077 milch cows, 3,552 other cat- tle, 9,480 sheep, and 8,599 swine ; 3 saw mills, and 2 woollen factories. Capital, Panora. GUTHRIE, Thomas, a Scottish clergyman, born at Brechin, Forfarshire, July 12, 1803, died at St. Leonards, Fifeshire, Feb. 24, 1873. He was educated at Edinburgh, and was licensed to preach in 1825. He afterward studied medi- cine in Paris, and on his return to Scotland was for a time employed in his father's bank- ing house. In 1830 he was ordained pastor at Arbirlot near Arbroath, and in 1837 was trans- ferred to the old Greyfriars church, Edinburgh. Here he became very popular among all class- es, exerted himself to reach the masses of the people, and opened the old Magdalene chapel in the Cowgate, giving the poor residents of the neighborhood the preference in seats. Greyfriars was a collegiate church, and in 1840 the separate parish of St. John's was erected for him. The new building was arranged with especial reference to the wants of the poor, but was hardly occupied when in 1843 the dis- ruption of the church of Scotland took place. In the discussions which led to that event Dr. Guthrie had taken a prominent part, and he now cooperated with Chalmers, Candlish, and Cunningham in the organization of the Free church. In 1845 the work of building manses GUTS-MUTHS throughout the church was put under his care. For some time after the disruption his congre- gation met in a Methodist chapel, but subse- quently St. John's Free church was built for him. He sought to open in the basement of his church a ragged school, but being opposed by the elders of the congregation he undertook a larger work, apart from the supervision of any particular church or denomination. About this time he published his " Plea for Ragged Schools," which was many times republished, and his ragged school became the pioneer of many like schools. He was also active in the temperance reform. In 1848 he was obliged on account of impaired health to have a col- league, and Dr. William Hanna was chosen to the place. In 1864 Dr. Guthrie was forced to give up public speaking, retired from the pas- torate, and became editor of the "Sunday Magazine," then just starting. In October, 1872, he was again prostrated by sickness, and in February, 1873, went to St. Leonards in the hope of relief, but a fatal attack almost immedi- ately ensued. Dr. Guthrie was remarkably elo- quent both as a pulpit and platform speaker. He published about 20 volumes, mostly collec- tions from his sermons, or republications from " Good Words " and the " Sunday Magazine." Among the most famous of these are " The Gos- pel in Ezekiel," "The Saint's Inheritance," " The Way to Life," " On the Parables," " Out of Harness," " Speaking to the Heart," " Studies of Character," " The City and Ragged Schools," " Man and the Gospel," and " Our Father's Business." His works have been republished in America, including his " Autobiography and Memoir," by his sons (1874). GUTHRIE, William, a Scottish author, born in Brechin about 1708, died in London in 1770. He studied at Aberdeen, and for some time was a schoolmaster, then went to London and became an author and compiler, and from 1746 was pensioned by government. His most im- portant works are : " General History of Eng- land" (3 vols. fol., London, 1744-'50); "Gen- eral History of Scotland" (10 vols. 8vo, 1767 -'8); "General History of the World" (12 vols. 8vo, 1764-7) ; a " Peerage ;" and a " Geo- graphical, Historical, and Commercial Gram- mar," of which numerous editions in all sizes appeared, the 1st in 1770, the 24th in 1827, 4to. Among his other works is " The Friends, a Sentimental History " (2 vols. 12mo, 1754). GUTS-MUTHS, Jobann Christoph Friedricb, foun- der of the German system of gymnastics (Turn- weseri), born in Quedlinburg, Aug. 9, 1759, died at Schnepfenthal, May 21, 1839. In 1779 he entered the university of Halle, where he passed three years in the study of theology. In 1786 he was employed to superintend the gymnastic exercises of the Schnepfenthal insti- tute. He published Gymnastik far die Ju- gend (Schnepfenthal, 1793) ; Spiele zur Uebung und Erholung des Korpers und Geistesfur die Jugend (1796) ; Khines Lehrbuch der Schwimm- Icumt (Weimar, 1798); Turnbuch far die
