HADKUMETUM England ; the fore limbs were less than half the size of the hind, but the tail was of im- mense strength. It was evidently a land ani- mal, and its grinding teeth indicate the vegeta- ble character of its food. Its favorite attitude must have been to support itself upon the very strong hind limbs and tail, after the manner of the megatherioids, reaching to the foliage on which it fed by its smaller and freely mova- ble anterior limbs. As the iguanodon seems to have been the prophetic type of the great pachyderms of the tertiary age, the hadrosau- rus seems to point to the coming of the huge edentates like megatherium and mylodon. A fine restoration of this animal (hadrosaurus FoulM, Leidy) is in the museum of the acade- my of natural sciences at Philadelphia. HADRUMETUM , or Adrnmetnm, an ancient city in northern Africa, on the seacoast, in the si- nus Neapolitanus (gulf of Hammamet). It was founded by the Phrenicians, and became one of the chief ports for the corn-producing prov- ince of Byzacena, of which it was the capital under the Romans. It figured in the Punic and civil wars, was devastated by the Vandals, and was restored by Justinian under the name of Justinianopolis. Its remains are identified at the modern Susa, 70 m. S. S. E. of Tunis. HADZIEWICZ, Rafael, a Polish painter, born at Zamek, near Lublin, in 1806. He exhibit- ed in 1829 " Marius on the Ruins of Carthage" and "St. Stanislas," and perfected his art in Paris and in Italy. On returning to Poland he executed pictures for the cathedral of "Warsaw, and became professor in that city after having held for five years a chair at the university of Moscow. He excels in religious and historical subjects. HAECKEL, Ernst Heinrkh, a German natural- ist, born in Potsdam, Feb. 16, 1834. His early predilections were for botanical studies, and while still at the gymnasium he prepared for publication a Flora Merseburgensis. He stud- ied anatomy and histology in Wurzburg un- der Kolliker and Leydig, and in Berlin under Johannes Mtiller. Returning to Wurzburg, he became the assistant of Rudolf Virchow. Having studied medicine, he settled in Berlin in 1858 as a practising physician. In 1854 and 1856 he had made with Kolliker and H. Muller scientific excursions to the Mediterra- nean, some of the results of which he pub- lished in 1857 in an essay on the tissues of the river crab. A 15 months' residence in Italy during 1859-'60, which he employed in zoolo- gical researches, finally withdrew him from the practice of medicine and made him a pro- fessed zoologist. On March 4, 1861, he sub- mitted to the university of Jena his thesis De RUzopodum Finibuset Ordinibus ; and in 1862 he was made extraordinary professor. In the same year he wrote an essay on radiolaria or radiary rhizopods, with an atlas of 35 plates, to which the Cothenius gold medal was award- ed. This work contains not only a complete collection, systematic arrangement, and critical HAECKEL 371 examination of all the genera and species of radiolaria previously observed, but the names, description, and figures of 46 new genera and 144 new species, nearly three times as many as were before known. In this essay Haeckel avowed his conviction "of the mutability of species, and of the actual genealogical relation- ship of all organisms." Without subscribing to all the views and hypotheses of Darwin as to natural selection, he recognized the great merits of the Darwinian theory, and pointed out its logical consequences. At that time Darwinism was generally looked upon with great disfavor in German scientific circles ; and when on Sept. 19, 1863, Haeckel appeared be- fore the convention of German physicians and naturalists held in Stettin as its enthusiastic advocate, he stood almost alone. Thenceforth he determined to devote his life to the exten- sion, establishment, and promulgation of the doctrine of evolution. By continued special investigations he has become an authority among the gatherers of facts in many depart- ments of zoology. In 1864 he published, with illustrations, " Contributions to the Knowledge of Corycaeide Crustacea," in the Jenaische Zeit- sckrift fur Medicin und Naturwissenschaft ; and in 1865 an illustrated monograph on gery- onide medusae, which had previously appeared in the same periodical. In the latter year the university of Jena created a regular chair of zoology especially for him, and he began to form by personal collection a museum which has since become one of the most valuable in exist- ence for instruction, and as illustrating points of ontogeny and morphology. From that time his lectures, together with those of Gegenbaur, have made the small university of Jena unri- valled as a school for zoology and comparative anatomy. He has refused very advantageous appointments to other universities, mainly be- cause he would not be separated from his friend and colaborer Gegenbaur. In 1866 he completed a work which, though eclipsed in popularity by two of his later works, the Na- turliche ScMpfungsgescTiichte and Die KalTc- schwdmme, must be considered one of the land- marks of biological science ; this is the Oene- relle Morphologie der Organismen (2 vols. 8vo). Its purpose was to trace for anatomy and em- bryology " immutable natural law in all events and forms." The amount of positive informa- tion which this work contains is very remark- able. We are told in the preface that 20 years previously (that is, when he was only 12 years old) he had two herbariums : " the official one," containing typical forms, all carefully labelled as separate and distinct species; the other a secret one, in which were placed the "bad kinds" of rubus, rosa, salix, &c., pre- senting a long series of individuals transitional from one good species to another. These were at that time the forbidden fruits of knowledge, which in leisure hours were his secret delight. He had later in life greeted Darwin's revival of the transmutation theory with enthusiasm.
