HEMOPTYSIS HEMORRHAGE 373 show that it is originally always a mala spe- In the preface Haeckel says : " Every thinking and candid systematist who has made limself familiar with the natural and artificial ^sterns in the second volume of this mono- raph will admit that there are here no true )ecies in the dogmatic sense of the schools.
- rove to me among the species of calcareous
)nges of which numerous individuals have jen examined, any bona species in the sense >f the schools, and I will give up the whole leory of descent." From this point of view lis book, though treating of so special a sub- set, is of universal interest. With its publi- tion the doctrine of evolution entered upon a lew phase. Haeckel's latest work is an essay HI "The Gastrsea Theory, the Phylogenetic sification of the Animal Kingdom, and the lomology of the Germ Layers" (1874). The strsea theory, to which he was led by his esearches on the development of calcareous >nges, is based upon the consideration that 11 the six higher animal classes, from the >nges to the lowest of the vertebrates, pass hrough a similar stage of development, which calls the gastrula stage ; it is found that in of them the original egg cell divides itself by characteristic process of segmentation or furrowing into at first 2, then 4, then 8, then 16, 32, 64, &c., divisions; and the cellular mass ms formed differentiates itself into two epi- lelial layers, from the inner one of which digestive canal with all its appendages is leveloped, while from the outer layer are >rmed the skin, nervous system, &c. From le fact that at one stage of their existence they 11 essentially consist of a primitive stomach or ligestive cavity (whence the name gastrula), are at that stage more or less alike, and mi the homology of the primitive epithelial lyers of the germ traceable in all of them, he mcludes that they must have been derived rom a common original form. This form, es- itially corresponding to the developmental of gastrula, he proposes to call gastrcea,
- >mach - possessor. The infusoria and still
lore simple animal organisms have nothing ich corresponds to the gastrula stage ; and divides the animal kingdom into the two jat groups protozoa, including animal mo- leres, amoeba, and gregarina (which together le calls ovularia), and infusoria ; and metazoa, gastrozoa, the descendants of the gastrcea, rhich include on the one hand the zoophytes r coelenterates, and on the other the worms, rith the four higher classes (tnollusks, echi- loderms, arthropods, and vertebrates) which lave sprung from worms. HEMOPTYSIS (Gr. aifia, blood, and Trrfor/f, a itting), the spitting or raising of blood from he lungs. Hemoptysis may be a simple exu- lation from the mucous membrane without ap- )reciable lesion % or may be caused by an or- "nic lesion of the lungs; it is most common itween the ages of 16 and 35, in the female 3X, and in nervous and sanguine tempera- ments ; it appears to be often hereditary, and is most apt to attack those whose professions require prolonged and forced use of the voice ; other causes are violent muscular efforts, par- oxysms of cough, blows or pressure on the chest, inspiration of irritating vapors or of the rarefied air on high mountains; it is also symp- tomatic of the suppression of various natural and morbid secretions. It may be exuded from the bronchial membranes, or may proceed from capillaries communicating with the air pas- sages in any part of their extent ; the amount varies from a drachm or two to as many pints at a time, and is florid and more or less mixed with air, differing from the dark coagulated blood which comes from the stomach. An at- tack of haemoptysis is generally announced by a feeling of heat and oppression in the chest behind the sternum, followed by a cough which brings up the blood ; when the quantity is very great, it pours forth wiftiout cough, with con- siderable spasmodic effort. The effect of pro- fuse hemoptysis is that of other great haem- orrhages, increased by the terror which spit- ting of blood always inspires. It sometimes takes the place of the suppressed menstrual or other discharges, and with the same relief to the system. Though spitting of blood some- times occurs after the violent paroxysms of whooping cough, asthma, and chronic bronchial disease, and also in congestive affections of the lungs, it is more peculiarly the sign of tubercu- lar phthisis or consumption, in the earlier as well as advanced stages of the disease. In making a diagnosis it is important to ascertain the source of the blood which escapes from the mouth, and if determined to be from the lungs, to decide whether it is symptomatic of disease of these organs or merely vicarious in its char- acter. The prognosis in hemoptysis, chiefly on account of this tubercular complication, is generally serious, although immediate danger is usually not great. The treatment consists in the application of ice to the chest, swallow- ing lumps of ice, and the administration of in- ternal remedies, called hemostatics, the mode of whose action is somewhat obscure. Among the most popular and efficient is common salt, taken dry, or with very little water. Tincture of chloride of iron or dilute sulphuric acid may be given, it is said, with benefit, and inhalation of its vapor has been found efficacious. Wun- derlich recommends the exhibition of ergot in doses of from 5 to 10 grains until numbness of the fingers is produced. Narcotics may be used quite freely, tending to produce calmness. In all cases the treatment should be assisted by tranquillity of mind, rest, cool air, and loose- ness of dress. After the attack has ceased, as- tringent tonics, like iron and quinine, may be given, care being taken not to produce ple- thora. The return of the bleeding should be guarded against by avoiding the exciting causes, and attending to the rules of hygiene. HAEMORRHAGE (Gr. o^a, blood, and ^wcBai, obs. />ayeu>, to burst), an escape of blood from
