378 HAGUE March 31, 1710, in which Germany, Russia, Prussia, and the maritime powers took part for maintaining the neutrality of North Ger- many against France. A triple alliance be- tween France, England, and the Netherlands was concluded here Jan. 4, 1717, and on Feb. 17 a treaty of peace between Spain, Savoy, and Austria. Yet the Hague was never men- tioned in all these great transactions excepting as a village, and it was certainly the most ex- tensive and remarkable village that ever exist- ed. The revolution of 1795 gave a great shock to the prosperity of the place, and a final blow was given to it by King Louis Bonaparte in removing the seat of government to Amster- dam and of the law courts to Utrecht. Since the restoration in 1813-'14 of the house of Orange, the Hague has rapidly recovered its former prestige, especially as it once more be- came the virtual capital of the nation, although Amsterdam remains the nominal capital, and retains as such various prerogatives. HAGUE, William, an American clergyman, born in New York about 1805. He graduated at Hamilton college in 1826, was ordained to the ministry, and has been pastor of Baptist churches in Providence, Boston, Newark, Al- bany, New York, Chicago, and Orange, N. J. Besides many occasional addresses and minor works, he has published " The Baptist Church Transplanted from the Old World to the New " (New York, 1846) ; " Christianity and States- manship " (1855) ; and " Home Life," a series of lectures on family duties and relations (1855). IIAIIV, August, a German theologian, born near Eisleben, March 27, 1792, died in Breslau, May 13, 1863. He was educated at Eisleben, Leipsic, and Wittenberg, in 1819 was appoint- ed extraordinary professor of theology at Ko- nigsberg, and gained distinction by his wri- tings on Bardesanes, Marcion, and Ephraem. In 1827 he was called to the ordinary profes- sorship of theology at Leipsic, and published De Rationalism^ qui dicitur, Vera Indole, et qva cum Naturalismo contineatur Ratione. He regarded a supranatural revelation as the necessary foundation of religion. In his trea- tise entitled Offene ErTdarung an die evange- lische Kirche zundchst in Sachsen und Preussen (1827) he maintained that the rationalists ought in conscience voluntarily to leave the evangel- ical church. In 1833 he was called as consisto- rial counsellor and ordinary professor to Bres- lau, and in 1844 he was made general superinten- dent for Silesia. He also published Lehrbuch des christlichen Glaubem (1828; 2d ed., 1858), and an edition of the Hebrew Bible (1831). imivimiv Ida Marie Loise Sophie Friederike Cnstave, countess, a German authoress, born at Tressow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, June 22, 1805. Her father, Count Karl Friedrich von Hahn- Neuhaus (born 1782), was a theatrical enthu- siast, who, after devoting his whole life and fortune to the stage, was compelled in his old age to support himself by managing a provin- cial company, and died in poverty at Altona, HAHNEMANN May 21, 1857. At the age of 21 she was mar- ried to her cousin, Count Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Hahn-Hahn, from whom she was divorced in 1829. Between 1835 and 1837 she published three volumes of verse, followed by a series of novels, such as Grafin Faustine, Ulrich, Sigismund Forster, and Cecil. In 1839 she submitted to a dangerous operation on the eye, which for a time threatened to de- prive her of sight ; and to divert her mind she went to the East, recording her adventures in the Orientalische Brief e (3 vols., 1844). In 1850 she embraced the Roman Catholic faith, giving an account of her conversion in Von Babylon nach Jerusalem (1851). In 1852, wearied with the world, she entered the mother house of the order of the Good Shepherd at Angers. She afterward took up her residence at Mentz, where she devoted herself to the reformation of outcasts of her own sex, and wrote several works, among which are : Bilder aus der GescMchte der Kirche (3 vols., 1856- "'Sty-^Peregrina (1864); and Eudoxia (1868). HAHNEL, Ernst Julius, a German sculptor, born in Dresden, March 9, 1811. He studied architecture under Rietschel in Dresden, and under Schwanthaler in Munich, and sculpture at Rome and Florence. In 1835 he went to Munich, and in 1848 became professor at the academy of Dresden. In 1855 he was invited to the academy of Vienna, where he was a successful teacher. Among his best works are a statue of Beethoven at Rome, and a Madonna. The bass-reliefs in the new museum at Dresden are also his work. These were followed by the " Four Evangelists," and the " Three Holy Kings," of colossal size, for the tower at Neu- stadt-Dresden (1858), and the tomb of King Frederick Augustus II. of Saxony (1866). HAHNEMANN, Samuel Christian Friedrich, the founder of the homoeopathic system of medi- cine, born in Meissen, Saxony, April 10, 1755, died in Paris, July 2, 1843. He was educated at the high school of his native town, and at the age of 20 went to Leipsic to study medi- cine. Here he devoted his leisure to teaching languages, and to translating foreign medical authors into German, and was accustomed to sleep only every other night, a habit he per- severed in for several years. In 1777 he went to Vienna, where he came under the notice of Quarin, physician to Joseph II. and chief phy- sician to the hospital of the Leopoldstadt, who intrusted him with the care of one of the hos- pital wards, and subsequently recommended him to Baron von Briickenthal, the governor of Transylvania, in whose family at Hermann- stadt he remained as librarian and physician for nearly two years. In August, 1779, he took his degree of M. D. at Erlangen. After a brief residence in Hettstadt and Dessau, where he studied chemistry and mineralogy, and at Gommern near Magdeburg, where in 1785 he was married, he settled in 1787 in Dresden. Here he was rapidly acquiring repu- tation as a physician and writer on medical
