HALS resulting in white. The halo of 90 or 92 may be accounted for by the refraction occur- ring through the angles of 90 at which the sides of the ice prisms meet their bases, the minimum deviation for red in this case being about 45. The partial polarization of the light in a plane tangent to the ring shows it to be re- fracted light ; that of the rainbow being polar- ized in a plane normal to the circle, and mainly lue to reflection. Musschenbroek saw large >lored halos about the moon, by looking irough plates of ice formed on the panes of lis window. The white horizontal and verti- bands can be explained by reflection from the vertical faces of crystals, descending in a 1m air and in all possible azimuths. The par- iclia may be considered as being the intensified Feet at certain points of a greater condensa- ion of the dispersed rays at the angles of linimum dispersion ; so that they are to the what the halo itself is to the diffused light irown on the surrounding cloud. The fact t they are usually a little without the rings been supposed due to the greater obliquity the crystals, at the points where they ap- sar, to the plane of refraction. But while the cplanation of these simpler parts is quite sat- 3tory, that of the more complicate and pe- iliar phenomena becomes extremely difficult ; id we can only in a general way refer these the variety of changes, including reflection id simple and double refraction, of which light capable, and to the probable effects of extra- inary forms and combinations of the crys- 1s. If the views taken of the phenomenon correct, then, by consequence, halos prove rhat is the temperature of the highest cloud ion, and the condition of cloud occupying Certain it is that they are closely connect- with peculiar meteorological changes ; and lat, occurring in summer, they indicate rain, " it has been said wind, while in winter they ^recede snow, or it may be also frosts. HALS, Francis* us, a Dutch painter, born at Cechlin in 1584, died in Haarlem, Aug. 20, 1666. He was inferior as a portrait painter ily to Vandyke. He passed his whole life in Netherlands, chiefly at Delft or Haarlem, le left a great number of paintings, and is one " the best representatives of that school of the Tetherlands which made no effort to idealize, >ut only sought accurate representation. HALSTEAD, Marat, an American journalist, >rn at Ross, Butler co., Ohio, Sept. 2, 1829. Fntil the age of 19 he passed the summers in forking on his father's farm and the winters school. He completed his education at farmer's college, near Cincinnati, in 1851. At 18 years of age he became a contributor to lewspapers, and before leaving college had ac- uired facility as a writer of fiction and light liscellanies. Abandoning his intention of tudying law, he established himself in 1851 in incinnati, and started a Sunday newspaper, which only two numbers were published, k-fter finding employment on the "Enquirer," HAM 407 the "Columbian and Great West," and other papers, he became in March, 1852, city editor of the " Cincinnati Commercial," and a few months later was appointed its news editor. In May, 1854, he acquired a small pecuniary interest in the " Commercial," and upon the death of the principal owner in 1866 the con- trol of the paper passed into his hands. Du- ring the 12 years preceding this event its good will alone had increased more than fourfold in value, and it had become through Mr. Hal- stead's efforts one of the most influential papers of the west. It is independent in politics. HALTON, a county of Ontario, Canada, bor- dering S. E. on Lake Ontario, near its W. ex- tremity ; area, 372 sq. in. ; pop. in 1871, 22,606, of whom 8,074 were of Irish, 6,993 of English, and 5,108 of Scotch origin or descent. It is traversed by the Grand Trunk and Great West- ern railways. Capital, Milton. HALYBPRTON, Thomas, a Scottish theologian, born at Dupplin, Dec. 25, 1674, died in St. An- drews, Sept. 23, 1712. He studied at St An- drews, was for a time domestic chaplain in the family of a nobleman, became minister of the parish of Ceres in 1700, and in 1711 was ap- pointed professor of divinity at St. Andrews. His principal works are: "Inquiry into the Principles of Modern Deists," " The Great Con- cern of Salvation," " Natural Religion Insuffi- cient," " Essay on the Nature of Faith," and " Inquiry on Justification." These have been frequently republished (latest ed., London, 1835). His " Memoirs of his Life," with an in- troductory essay by the Rev. Dr. Young (Glas- gow, 1824), has been reprinted in America. HALTS, the ancient name of the Kizil Irmak (red river), the largest river of Asia Minor. It rises in the mountains which in antiquity formed the boundary between Armenia Minor and Pontus ; pursues mostly a S. W. course, re- ceiving many tributaries on its way, as far as the vicinity of Kaisariyeh (the ancient Caesarea Mazaca) ; then turns N. W., and gradually N. E., and discharges itself by several mouths into the Euxine between Sinope and Samsun (Amisus). It has a circuit of about 600 m. Its ancient importance appears from the fact that Asia was often divided into Asia cis Halyn and Asia trans Halyn. It once separated the great Lydian empire from the Medo-Persian, and near its banks was fought the first battle between Croesus and Cyrus. HAM, a town of France, in the department of Somme, 67 m. N. E. of Paris; pop. about 2,400. Its old castle, strengthened by modern works, has become a fortress of some impor- tance, and has long been used as a state prison, for which it is well adapted. The central round tower or donjon is 100 ft. high and 100 ft. wide, and the walls are of masonry 36 ft. thick. It was built in 1470 by the count de St. Pol, who was afterward beheaded by Louis XL Among the numerous eminent persons imprisoned in the castle of Ham have been Joan of Arc, who was kept there a few days before
