HAMMER the average number of blows when worked ^with steam at a pressure of 45 Ibs. per square inch is 360 per minute. The piston rod, 6^ in. in diameter, is cast steel, forming with the pis- ton one piece. The hammer head is fastened to it by means of keys. The greatest height HAMMER-PURG STALL 427 FIG. 2. High-Speed Steam Hammer. pieces which can be forged under the ham- ler is 4| in. The bottom of the frame is 3 ft. luare, and its total height to the flanges of the rlinder is 5 ft. The total weight of the ma- rine is 4|- tons. HAMMER, Julias, a German author, born in jsden, June 7, 1810, died at Pilnitz, Aug. i, 1862. In 1831 he began the study of law the university of Leipsic, but gave special mtion to philosophy and aesthetics. In 1834, in conjunction with Ludwig Tieck and "'ieodor Hell, he produced the successful play i seltsame Fruhstuclc, and thereafter devoted rimself to literature. He wrote dramas, nov- els, and poems, and gave dramatic readings. Among his novels are Adelig und Burgerlich (1838), Leben und Traum (1839), Stadt- und ' indgeschichten (1845), and EiniceJir und Um- r (1856). His principal poems are Schau im dicJi und Schau in dich (1851), Zu alien iten Stunden (1854), and Lerne, liebe, lebe (1862). In his later years he devoted himself oriental study, and published Unter dem Halbmond (I860), and Die Psalmen der heili- m Schriff (1861). HAMMERFEST, a seaport of Norway, in the bailiwick of Finmark, on the island of Kvalo, in lat. 70 40' N., Ion. 23 42' E., 57 m. S. W. of the North cape ; pop. about 1,000. It is celebrated as the most northern town in the world, and for its lively trade with Russia, England, and other countries. The cod fish- ery in the Hammerfest district in 1871 yielded about 5,000,000 fish, or nearly one half of the cod caught in Finmark'. Over 200 fishing boats and 100 large vessels frequent the bay annually. Cod-liver oil is largely prepared, and various skins, walrus teeth, and other articles are ex- ported. A number of small sloops are engaged in the trade with Spitzbergen, where reindeer, walrus, and white bears are killed. Although the port is in so high a latitude, navigation is seldom interrupted. The harbor is defended by a fort. A granite pillar in the rear of the Eng- lish vice-consulate marks the commencement of the great European arc measured by Russia, Sweden, and Norway, 1816-'52. HAMMER-PURGSTALL, Joseph von, a German orientalist, born in Gratz, Styria, June 9, 1774, died in Vienna, Nov. 24, 1856. He studied the Arabic, Persian, and Turkish languages at the oriental academy of Vienna, and, after passing three years in Dalmatia and in travel, went in 1799 to Constantinople as interpreter to the internuncio. In the following year he was commissioned to prepare a report upon the condition of Syria and Egypt, and to inspect the consulates in the Levant. In 1801 he engaged in the Egyptian campaign as secre- tary-interpreter of the Anglo-Turkish generals, taking part in the conference at Jaffa, and in the surrender of Alexandria. He subsequently visited England. In 1802 he was again sent to Constantinople as secretary of legation, and in 1806 was appointed diplomatic agent at Jassy in Moldavia. He returned to Vienna in 1807, which he never again left except for short journeys. In 1815 he was sent to Paris to re- ceive back the oriental manuscripts which had been carried thither after the occupation of Vienna in 1809, and on his return was oifered the place of custodian of this collection, which he declined. In 1816 he was appointed inter- preter to the court, and in 1817 aulic council- lor. Inheriting the estate of the counts of Purgstall in 1837, he added that name to his own, and was created a baron. In 1847 he was elected president of the academy of Vienna, but resigned this office in 1849. His large for- tune enabled him to devote himself to study. He spoke and wrote ten languages, and though his philological learning was extensive rather than profound, his works are among the most valuable authorities upon oriental history and literature. His care in the references to his authorities renders it easy to correct the errors into which he has fallen. His writings in sev- eral languages, including his contributions to the journals of various literary and scientific bodies, would make more than 100 octavo volumes. Among his chief works are: Geschichte der
