HANIFAH HANNIBAL Eevel and the Baltic ports. The Swedes were defeated here in 1713 by the Kussians. HANIFAH (commonly called ABU HANIFAH), the founder of the Hanifites, the most ancient of the four sects of orthodox Mussulmans, born at Kufah in 699, poisoned in 767. He early gained distinction from his knowledge of theology and law, but was equally eminent for his personal qualities. He did not accept the doctrine of absolute predestination, and was thrown into prison by the caliph. Subse- quently he opposed the caliph's persecution of the inhabitants of Mosul, and was compelled to take poison. A mausoleum was built for him in 1092. He taught that the sins of the faithful are not annulled, and that it is possible for them to fall into transgression. He wrote a famous commentary on the Koran, entitled Sated, or " The Help." HANKA, Yeneeslav, a Bohemian philologist, born at Horzeniowes, June 10, 1791, died Jan. 12, 1861. He had made himself popular by several poetical productions in Czechic, when he became famous by the discovery in 1817 (the genuineness of which is, however, still contested) of the "Manuscript of Koniginhof " (Rulcopis kralodwrslcy), a collection of Czechic poems supposed to have been written about the beginning of the 14th century. He was appointed in 1818 librarian of the national museum of Prague, and in 1849 professor at the university. He is the author of a number of important grammatical, lexicographical, and critical works on the Bohemian and other Slavic languages and literature. HANKEL, Wilhelm Gottlieb, a German natural philosopher, born at Ermsleben, May 17, 1814. In 1833 he entered the university of Halle, where he began the study of theology, but soon devoted himself to science. In 1835 he became assistant in the cabinet of the uni- versity, and in 1836 teacher of science in the school of the orphan house. In 1847 he was appointed extraordinary professor in the uni- versity of Halle, and in 1849 ordinary professor at Leipsic. He is especially noted in connec- tion with electricity and magnetism, and has published Elektri-sche Untersuehungen (parts 1-6, Leipsic, 1856-'65). HANKOW, a city of China, in the province of Hupeh, on the Yangtse-kiang, 470 m. "W. of Shanghai; pop. estimated at 800,000. The river Han, which here falls into -the Yangtse, separates Hankow from Hanyang, and opposite both, on the other bank of the Yangtse, is Wo- chang, the capital of Hupeh. These three towns are said to have had, before they were almost wholly destroyed by the Taepings, an aggregate population of 5,000,000. In conse- quence of its flourishing trade, Hankow is now again one of the first commercial cities of the Chinese empire, and in particular the centre of the commerce of the provinces of Hupeh, Ho- nan, Sechuen, and Kweichow. It is one of the treaty ports opened to foreign commerce. Two regular lines of steamships connect it with Shanghai. For the trade with Russia, Han- kow is next to Tientsin the most important place. The imports in 1871 were valued at $187,000, the exports at $5,112,000. The most important articles of export are tea, China grass, hemp, tobacco, and rhubarb ; the most important articles of import are Russian cloth and velvets. The number of vessels entering the port in 1869 was 286, tonnage 185,226 ; cleared, 350, tonnage 191,088. HMLEY, a town of Staffordshire, England, forming with the township of Shelton a mu- nicipal borough, 1 m. N. of Stoke-upon-Trent, and 149 m. N. W. of London; pop. in 1871, 39,976. It is in the centre of the pottery manufacturing district, in which business the inhabitants are chiefly employed, and to which the rapid increase of population (which in 1831 was only 7,121) is mainly due. The town, situated on a rising eminence, has wide, well paved streets, and is lighted with gas and sup- plied with water. It has a handsome town hall, public library, mechanics' institute, and several large markets. An important cattle market is held here every fortnight. HANNAY, James, a British author, born in Dumfries, Scotland, Feb. 17, 1827, died in Barcelona, Spain, Jan. 9, 1874. He entered the navy at the age of 13, but left it after five years, and devoted himself to literature. He contributed to various periodicals, and from 1860 to 1864 was editor of the "Edinburgh Courant." In 1857 he was an unsuccessful candidate for parliament for Dumfries. In 1868 he was appointed consul at Barcelona. His works include "Biscuit and Grog" (1848), "Hearts are Trumps " (1848), "KingDobbs" (1849), "Singleton Fontenoy" (1850), "Satire and Satirists" (1853), "Sand and Shells" (1854), " Eustace Conyers" (1857), "A Course of English Literature" (1866), and "Three Hundred Years of a Norman House " (1867). HAMIBAL, a city of Marion co., Missouri, on the W. bank of the Mississippi, 132 m. above St. Louis, and 90 m. N. N. E. of Jefferson. City ; pop. in 1850, 2,020 ; in 1860, 6,505 ; in 1870, 10,125, of whom 1,616 were colored and 1,632 foreigners. It is the eastern terminus of the Hannibal and St. Joseph and the Missouri, Kansas, and Texas railroads, one of the western termini of the Toledo, Wabash, and Western, and the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy lines, and a station on the Mississippi Valley railroad. Hannibal is the only point on the Mississippi S. of Keokuk where a bridge adapt- ed for both railroad and wagon travel spans the river. It is favorably situated for com- merce, is rapidly increasing, and is the shipping point for large quantities of tobacco, pork, flour, and other produce. Coal and limestone abound in the vicinity, and the manufacture of lime is a prominent business. With the ex- ception of St. Louis, it is the most extensive lumber market W. of the Mississippi, and has a large trade in this article with Kansas and Texas. It contains a city hall, two banks with
